Adsorbered Dose Radiotherapy Stations

Question: Talk about theAdsorbered Dosefor Radiotherapy Stations. Answer: Conversation and Conclusion Radiotherapy stations numerous on occasion utilizes lucite apparition sheets to dissect the proportion of infiltration with a proportion of 20/10 cm profundity ionization. Since there is contrasts in thickness and compelling the estimation won't give the TPR of 20/10 ratios(Mayles 2007, p. 122). Since there is some misfortune (lessening) and misfortunes because of dispersing nature of Perspex are not the equivalent from water. This makes it hard to a persuading explanation behind estimated ionization proportion at given profundities for photons. In photon, we generally select 5, and 15 cm profundity Perspex ghost rather than 20/10cm which is utilized in light of the fact that the 5 cm profundity gives information on how photon bar yield become stable since this worth is over the estimation of portion most elevated an incentive for 15MV and 6 MV photons. What's more, there is a need to ascertain the proportion of ionization which is got for 15cm and 5 cm and 17.75cm and 5.95cm, however in this our investigation we utilized 20/10 cm. That shows that the abundance Perspex weakening is diminished when these photon shafts in Perspex are dispersed. For this electron pillars, we need to choose various mixes of profundity to help check the nature of the bar. In the count of portion, we determined ionizing radiation portion at various profundity in mGy for the two profundities at 10cm and 20cm. We can without much of a stretch note that the ionizing radiation portion is higher when the profundity is little (5 cm) and it is generally more when the profundity increments (at 20cm). This is on the grounds that at less separation the weakening/misfortunes are not many rather than moderately more profound ones. What's more, on account of this constriction, we have to ascertain the revision structure which will diminish the impact of this loss(Mayles 2007, p. 245). This is determined from; Of which in our investigation we got it to = 1.0027 The estimation of TPR can be straightforwardly determined from the midpoints of mGy readings from the two profundities. In our normal examination profundity at 10cm was 79,416 while that at 20 cm was 532,166. So we state TPR = . At a set-up of 5cm profound, we got readings of 100 Mus at a proportion of 10/10, for the readings 1,2 and 3 and we persuaded the normal to be 16.35 so this incentive related to different qualities and factors we got already we can without much of a stretch figure the outright portion as below(purdy 2012, p. 204), After the trial, we got ourselves acquainted with supreme reference portion estimation in-ghost method with MV photon bars since we had the option to compute the estimation of the portion and see most proportions and why a few proportions are superior to other people. The lessening can be decreased by the utilization of amendment. List of sources Mayles, P 2007, Handbook of radiography material science :Theory and practice, third edn, CRC press , Washington DC. purdy, JA 2012, Technoical nuts and bolts of radiation : Practical clinical application, fifth edn, Springer science and Business Media, New york.

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2SLP) - Essay Example which can be resolved for an item. Roundabout expense, then again, incorporates manufacturing plant overhead and comparative cost components that can't be appointed to a particular item or administration. In process costing, the expense for every item isn't determined. Rather, the expenses are determined for a whole bunch, or administration accommodated the whole month. Along these lines, it is simpler and less expensive to compute the expenses instead of to endeavor to decide costs for every unit of yield; be that as it may, the costs determined can be utilized to decide normal expenses for every unit. The procedure costing method, hence, is inalienably incorrect. Procedure costing method is generally appropriate for ventures with comparable kinds of items or administrations created in a gathering like design. In social insurance industry, despite the fact that it tends to be contended that patients ordinarily have comparable issues (all things considered, all are individuals) and require comparative treatment. Nonetheless, the treatment doesn't follow a fixed methodology (for instance, not all patients enduring with flu are suggested a similar medication). The treatment contrasts dependent on patients' previous history, sensitivities to specific medications and different elements. In this way it may not be practicable to execute process costing strategy in the medicinal services industry. Occupation request costing varies from process costing in the manner it catches costs. As opposed to process costing technique, work request costing strategy computes expenses of each activity rather than a whole procedure. For example, utilizing work request costing technique, an organization can decide the expense of fixing ways to a vehicle get together. Utilizing the procedure costing technique, the expense of whole procedure (collecting the autos with all parts) would be determined. Occupation request costing is normally utilized for one-time, one of a kind, or exceptionally requested items. To ascertain work request cost, the immediate expenses are taken dependent on real qualities though the circuitous expenses are processed as a level of direct material or direct work utilization towards the activity. Occupation Order Costing for Health Care Industry The activity request costing for medicinal services industry may appear as distinguishing and figuring cost of fixing another tooth inside the general dental test process at a dental specialist facility. Notwithstanding, the use of employment request costing in medicinal services, however can be thought of, yet are to some degree constrained because of the idea of exercises associated with human services industry. Movement Based Costing Movement based costing method computes costs dependent on genuine utilization. This is done by recognizing exercises that are required to be attempted to fabricate an item or to offer an assistance, and afterward distinguishing the genuine costs that are brought about to finish these exercises. The expense of the whole item or administration is along these lines determined. Movement Based Costing in Health Care Industry Movement based costing precisely gives the genuine expense caused on an item/administration; and in this manner it is broadly utilized in industry these days. This is the principle motivation behind why social insurance industry utilizes action based costing model to ascertain expenses of giving human services administrations. Before executing this model in medicinal services

Know Your Car Repossession Rights

Know Your Car Repossession Rights Know Your Car Repossession Rights Know Your Car Repossession Rights Worried youre getting behind on your car payments? Learn more about your repossession rights today before its too late.Getting behind on your car loan is bad for both your credit score and  for the car itself. Since the vehicle is serving as collateral, falling behind on your payments means that the car can get repossessed. While defaulting on a personal loan or even certain kinds of bad credit loans will hurt your credit score, defaulting on a car loan will hurt your everyday life.And while we have quite a few articles explaining how you can improve your credit score, we haven’t spent as much time telling you how you should handle the threat of repossession. Until now.Repossession occurs when you can’t pay back a loan that you used collateral to acquire. Technically, the term can refer to any kind of loan, but it is almost always used to refer to auto loans. That’s why you need to know your rights and the steps you can take when facing reposse ssion.Look back at that contract.Before you take action, it’s important to make sure you know exactly what you’re up against. That’s why you need to go back to where this all began: the contract. At least, that’s what Justin Lovely (@myrtleinjurylaw), an attorney in Myrtle Beach, told us. His experience comes from representing creditors in repossession cases, but he gave us his perspective on what someone facing repossession from the other side should do.“First, a consumer needs to look to his contract and read what they signed,” Lovely explained. It may seem obvious, but it’ll allow you to see what options you have. Although it may be too late now, it’s also important to make sure that any updates you might make to the contract are put down in writing.As the Federal Trade Commission’s website states: “if your creditor agrees to change your payment date, the terms of your original contract may not apply any longer. If your creditor agrees to such a change, make s ure you have it in writing. Oral agreements are difficult to prove.”So make sure you have everything down in writing, and check that writing when the specter of repossession comes up.Let’s make a deal.Even if there isn’t anything in the contract you signed that seems like it can help you, that doesn’t mean all hope is lost. You can still work something out with the lender, and odds are they would prefer that route.“In my jurisdiction, the debtor gets a right to cure [pay the debt before the default occurs],” said Lovely. “When clients send me a repossession file, we send a right to cure notice to the consumer/debtor.  Consumers need to understand that companies dont want to repossess the item in question, they always prefer to work out a payment arrangement. Often the arrangement may be better than the current situation he or she is in now.”The FTC also suggests trying to work out a deal before your car (or house or other collateral) is seized: “It’s easier to t ry to prevent a vehicle repossession from taking place than to dispute it after the fact. Contact your creditor as soon as you realize you will be late with a payment. Many creditors work with consumers they believe will be able to pay soon, even if slightly late. You may be able to negotiate a delay in your payment or a revised schedule of payments. If you can reach an agreement to change your original contract, get it in writing to avoid questions later.”If you’re not in a state with a right to cure, however, the FTC warns that your lender may not be willing to compromise: “However, your creditor or lessor may refuse to accept late payments or make other changes in your contract â€" and may demand that you return the car. If you agree to a ‘voluntary repossession,’ you may reduce your creditor’s expenses, which you would be responsible for paying. But even if you return the car voluntarily, you still are responsible for paying any deficiency on your contract, and your creditor still may enter the late payments or repossession on your credit report.”You’ll have to deal with it.As great as it would be to just ignore the looming threat of repossession, that’s a very bad idea. You can close your eyes and hope it all goes away, but realistically, the only thing that’ll be going away is whatever is being repossessed.“Debtors stay silent and dont call and just let the court date come without showing up,” Lovely warned. “Then it is out of our hands and the Sheriff picks up the collateral. If you are facing difficult financial times and miss payments resulting in a default in your contract, the best thing to do is simply be honest and try to negotiate before the file gets to a lawyer like myself.”But don’t forget your rights.Though it will likely benefit you to go out of your way to try and make a deal with your lender, it’s important that you remember your rights so you aren’t taken advantage of. Those rights will vary by state, so you’ll need to look up your specific situation, but here are a few possibilities the FTC outlines:“Should there be a breach of the peace in seizing your car, your creditor may be required to pay a penalty or to compensate you if any harm is done to you or your property. A breach of peace also may give you a legal defense if your creditor sues you to collect a ‘deficiency judgment’ â€" that is, the difference between what you owe on the contract (plus repossession and sale expenses) and what your creditor gets from the resale of your vehicle.“Once your vehicle has been repossessed, your creditor may decide to either keep it as compensation for your debt or resell it in a public or private sale. In some states, your creditor must let you know what will happen to the car. For example, if the car will be sold at public auction, state law may require that the creditor tell you the time and place of the sale so that you can attend and participate in the bidding. If the vehicle w ill be sold privately, you may have a right to know the date of the sale.“Some states have consumer protection laws that allow you to ‘reinstate’ your loan. This means you can reclaim your car by paying the amount you are behind on your loan, together with your creditor’s repossession expenses. Of course, if you reclaim your car, your future payments must be made on time, and you must meet the terms of your reinstated contract to avoid another repossession.Any resale of a repossessed vehicle must be conducted in a ‘commercially reasonable manner.’ Your creditor doesn’t have to get the highest possible price for the vehicle â€" or even a good price. But a resale price that is below fair market value may indicate that the sale was not commercially reasonable. ‘Commercially reasonable’ may depend on the standard sales practices in your area. A creditor’s failure to resell your car in a commercially reasonable manner may give you a claim against that creditor for dam ages or a defense against a deficiency judgment.“Regardless of the method used to dispose of a repossessed car, a creditor may not keep or sell any personal property found inside. In some states, your creditor must tell you what personal items were found in your car and how you can retrieve them. Your creditor also may be required to use reasonable care to prevent anyone else from removing your property from the car. If your creditor can’t account for articles left in your vehicle, you may want to speak to an attorney about your right to compensation.”In the endFacing repossession is never going to be fun. Its the kind of situation that can lead to folks taking out predatory no credit check loans and cash advances to keep from falling behind on their bills, only to find themselves trapped in a different kind of debt trap.While we cant promise some kind of magic cure-all for having your car repossessed, we can tell you this: If you face repossession head-on, remember your right s, and deal with the issue as soon as possible, you can make it as painless as possible. And if your lender doesnt follow the rules, you might even stand a chance at getting your car back.Have you ever successfully challenged the repossession of your vehicle? We want to hear about it! You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsMr. Justin Lovely (@myrtleinjurylaw) is admitted to practice in all South Carolina Courts and the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina.  Mr. Lovely is a Certified Guardian ad Litem in South Carolina for Family Law Cases.  Mr. Lovely is also a member of the South Carolina Association for Justice, the State’s Trial Lawyers Association. More bio information can be found on his firm’s website.

Environmental Impacts of Tourism - 1563 Words

AAP Report: Environmental Impacts Due to Tourism By Olivia Hazell Year 11, Dundas Due Date: 10/05/12 INTRODUCTION Environmental impact refers to the direct effect of socio-economic activities and natural events on the components of the environment. These impacts can be planned such as afforestation or due to tourism can be totally accidental such as littering. Environmental impact is the change in the environment culturally, and physically which can be due to tourists both negatively and positively. PURPOSE OF REPORT The purpose of this report is to determine the positive impacts on the environment tourism has, while also making aware the negative impacts tourism has on the environment. In this report negative impacts will†¦show more content†¦Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping equipment. Such practices degrade the environment with all the accumulation typical of the developed world, in remote areas that have few garbage collection or disposal facilities. Solution In order for the problem of solid wastes and litter to decrease, there needs to be rules and regulations put in place. The Maldives are already putting in rules and regulations to decrease solid wastes and littering. As incinerators, bottle crushers and can compactors are installed in hotel grounds. While, some resorts even insist that visitors to fly their own garbage home with them. In order to reduce such wastes, waste separation and recycling need to be really pushed and developed further, as this will reduce the amounts of wastes generated. Wastes are disposed of in various ways, such as in landfills or by means of composting, incineration, open burning or indiscriminate dumping on open land or in rivers and coastal waters. Composting is not only a useful mechanism for reducing the amount of disposed organic waste but it also produces a valuable replacement for artificial fertilizers. Incineration is generally used for the destruction of medical wastes, unused chemicals and other combustible hazardous materials. Disturbance Of Wildlife There has been a rising trend in tourist arrivals in National Parks and Sanctuaries. It causes disturbance to wildlife in their regularShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism6014 Words   |  25 PagesENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM | | he quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourisms relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourismRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism in Bhutan1978 Words   |  8 PagesEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism in Bhutan The concept of tourism development in Bhutan took place in post 1974 period during the reign of late majesty, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk in national assembly. However, tourism business begun its operation with 274 tourist in 1974 at the time of coronation of fourth king, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuk and since then tourism business started growing in Bhutan. Tourism is now recognized as having considerable potential as a tool for development and as aRead MoreEssay on The Environmental Impact of Skiing and Tourism1718 Words   |  7 PagesIt is extremely easy to forget the impact imposed by skiing on the mountain environments. Most people believe the only effect that they have on the environment within mountain regions are the tracks in the snow left by their skis. However, there is strong evidence that skiing has both a social and more noticeably, environmental impacts that influence the natural environment. Some experts of the Alpine region suggest that tourists directly affect over half of the Alps entire surface area. It can thereforeRead MoreEnvironmental Impact of Tourism on Antarctica Essay3602 Words   |  15 PagesEnvironmental Impact of Tourism on Antarctica This essay discusses the environmental impact of tourism on Antarctica. The subheading Description will give an overview of the continent, highlight the unique landscape, weather patterns and research stations making up some of the tourist attractions of this continent. The subheading Tourism in Antarctica gives an account of the type of tourist Antarctica attracts and their primary motive identifying scientific research staff as tourists as wellRead MoreEnvironmental and Social Impacts of Tourism in the Uk1801 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the environmental and social impacts of tourism in the UK and consider whether the benefits exceed the costs. Tourism is a fast growing industry and a valuable sector, contributing significantly to the economy (â€Å"The Social amp; Cultural Impacts of Tourism†, n.d.). It has been generally accepted that tourism is, for the most part and with relatively few exceptions, beneficial to both generating and destination countries (Holloway, 2009, p. 114). Some researchers are less sure that thisRead MoreThe Impact of International Tourism on Global Environmental Change1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International tourism can now be recognised as one of the biggest contributing sectors for many countries’ GDP. Moreover, it has transformed them in many aspects such as economic, socio-culture, and environment. International tourism involves activity of inbound and outbound tourist of a country and resident or non-resident visitors within the country (World Tourism Organisation 2014). The World Tourism Organisation has predicted the growth of tourism activities to increase by an averageRead MoreEssay about Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts in Tourism2275 Words   |  10 PagesThe large scale impacts of Tourism include environmental, socio-cultural and economic impacts. Impacts can be positive, as well as negative, but should never be underestimated. The concept of sustainability is factored into these tourism impacts, when the size of the impacts become large enough to drastically alter economic, socio-cultural and environmental areas of a tourist destination. The i mportance of these impacts will be analysed and evaluated in this essay, keeping in mind that this willRead MoreEconomic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District2531 Words   |  11 Pages Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in the Lake District In the Lake District tourism is very important and has a significant impact on the local economy. But there is concern about the Lake District and how much more development it can take from the tourism industry. The Lake District remained relatively untouched until the 19th century when railways allowed the large urban population of Northwest England to visit the National Park. Tourism and trade roseRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate the Negative Social, Cultural or Environmental Impact Caused by Tourism in a Destination of Your Choice. Analyse the Causes of This Impact and Judge to What Extent Sustainable Tourism Strategies3344 Words   |  14 Pagescultural or environmental impact caused by tourism in a destination of your choice. Analyse the causes of this impact and judge to what extent sustainable tourism strategies and methods could eliminate or ameliorate them and thereby secure the long term future of the destination. The negative effects of tourism are widely publicised in a number of destinations worldwide; however it is often underdeveloped nations that are home to natural wonders of the world which attract huge tourism levels. ThisRead MoreSustainable Approach to Tourism Management1129 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss how the adoption of a sustainable approach to tourism management in the tourism and hotel industry is considered today to be a necessary strategic intent for all operators. Section 1: Introduction Deforestation can have a negative impact on the environment. In the case of tourism and the hotel industry, these challenges have become more extreme. This is because tourists will typically use more natural resources than when they are at home. At the same time, different activities will destroy

Should Drugs be Legalized - 1007 Words

Should all drugs be legalized? Suppose that someone has some life threatening illness and suppose that a drug that has not yet been approved by the FDA can cure this illness. Should he have to die just because some government bureaucrat tells him that he cannot have this drug? There are millions of AIDS patients in similar tragedy. The two most harmful and dangerous substances are alcohol and tobacco. Yet, they are legal, only because they are popular. Marianne Apostolides of the pro-legalization Lindesmith Center wrote in the Wall Street Journal: Marijuana is safer than other substances such as nicotine and steroids. Most people who use marijuana have no problem with it. â€Å"The question about legalized drugs is the defining point for a Libertarian. If you are opposed to legalizing all drugs, then you are not a Libertarian, by definition.† Sam Sloan But if we analyze did alcohol use decrease when it was legalized? Answer is No. When abortion became legal, did abortion s decrease? No. When an action becomes legal, the number of people carrying out that action increases. Drugs are not different Drugs Abuses, Crimes and Legalization Crimes will also not be reduced by drug legalization. Studies show a correlation between drug use and crime - violent crimes such as homicides, assaults and domestic violence. Why is this? Its quite simple - drugs cause violent behavior. In actuality, crime will rise when drugs are legal because more people will be taking drugs. Crime is highShow MoreRelatedShould Drugs Be Legalized? Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pageslegalization of drugs is among the most polarizing issues faced by the US government today. The increase in organized crime related to drug trafficking has forced authorities to reevaluate their stance on their legalization issue, and yet there are those in the civil society that oppose such legalization vehemently. Though there is evidence that many of the banned and scheduled substances can be attributed t o a range of health benefits and treatment of diseases, the American experience with drugs has beenRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?1005 Words   |  5 Pages Drugs are upon the most controversial topics in the world, they are known for many reasons for bringing evil among the communities. They affect lower class families who struggle to make living in the world. The drug trade industry has lead politicians to corruption, because it makes them have more power. Drugs have made a huge impact in today’s society, although people will argue and agree that drugs can make the world a better place if they were just to be legalized. If drugs were to be legalizedRead MoreShould Drugs be Legalized?1187 Words   |  5 PagesDrug laws apply on state and federal levels. In federal circumstances, â€Å"convictions are from drug trafficking† and in the states, it’s for â€Å"drug possession.† The federal punishments are longer sentences and harsher punishment while t he states place the arrestee is charged with misdemeanor and is put on probation, short jail term, or a fine. However, in court, if the criminal pleads guilty, they keep a clean criminal record and take a prescribed substance abuse program†¦vacated†¦and [18 months later]Read MoreShould Drug Be Legalized?1358 Words   |  6 PagesShould Drugs Be Legalized? Drugs are actually kind of brilliant products as they bring a lot of advantages to our society especially in medical area except when someone misuses them. Because of these abuses, certain drugs have been designated as illegal articles in lots of countries across the globe. Thus, we can see that in these recent decades, our society has involved in holy drug wars with the aim to strike against this disastrous drug abuses trend. However, a new phenomenon occurs when someRead MoreDrugs Should Be Legalized?1934 Words   |  8 PagesIt seems that drugs should be legalized because, â€Å"the existing evidence suggests that net costs for drugs are higher under probation-substantially higher in some cases† (Miron, 839). Miron is proposing that prohibition leads to significantly high prices for drugs which creates incentives for suppliers to develop a black market and make enormous profits. By legalizing drugs, he argues that the price will be driven down so that the black market will be eliminated because the profits will not beRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?1801 Words   |  8 PagesShould Drugs Be Legalized? What can be considered by far the most terrible evil, exciting an increasing number of very young people who cannot in consequence of the normal full life? Evil, which first brings joy, then life turns into a nightmare? Evil that breaks the health and life of the person obeyed it, all his family and friends? Evil, which spreads very quickly, while hitting not only the body but also the soul of person? Some people want to earn money from this evil, others - are trying toRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?1239 Words   |  5 Pages80-90% of all inmates are incarcerated due to drug related crime or robbery to help pay for their drugs that they owe money on. For these inmates dealing with drugs is something very normal in their lives. Drugs being involved in prisons is also something that is very similar to the world. Prison guards find an inmate trying to smuggle in drugs at least once a week. As seen on Orange is the New Black in many episodes in season 2 and 3 the inmates smuggled in tobacco for cigarettes and Nicky got inRead MoreHard Drugs Should Not be Legalized937 Words   |  4 PagesKurt Cobain once expressed the idea that, â€Å"drugs are a waste of time. They destroy your memory and your self-respect and everything that goes along with your self-esteem†. The issue of drugs has always been a very controversial issue, the debate on whether or not all abusive substances should be legalized. There are many sides to this argument and in the United States this issue draws two types of people to the debate: those for the legalization of hard drugs and those against it. Ever since our earliestRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?2054 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Drug misuse refers to the use of a drug for purposes for which it was not intended or using a drug in excessive quantities† (Powell, 2011). It is a widely discussed topic in contemporary society. The argument as to whether drugs should be legalised has been ongoing for many decades. Legalisation and regulation of some illicit drugs are now on the agenda. Statistics have shown that in 2014-2015, around 1 in 12 (8.6%) adults aged 16 to 59 had taken an illicit drug (Home Office, 2015). Illicit drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Drugs Be Legalized?932 Words   |  4 PagesThe subject of drugs has certainly been an issue that has been widely discussed. Over the years, it has always boiled down to whether all drugs should be legalized or not. While the United States has been arguing over the topic of for many years, countries, such as Portugal, have taken an alternative and very unique way to fight the war on drugs. In 2001, the Portuguese government decided to flip its war on dru gs strategy entirely: It decriminalized them all (Aleem). At first, this strategy was greatly

Definitions of Intellectual Property - 993 Words

Definitions Intellectual Property Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Definitions Intellectual Property Definitions of intellectual property, its legal protections, and the impact of the moral justifications that exist in cyberspace Intellectual property defines a wide range of the property created by investors, artistes, authors, and musicians. The law governing intellectual property naturally includes the copyrights, trademarks, and patents law. Its main intention is to motivate the development of art, sciences, and information giving defined rights of property to all the artistes, who include inventors of science and art. These rights assist artists to safeguard themselves from violation, unauthorized misuse, and use of their creations. Service marks and trademarks safeguard distinguishing characteristics (such as a package and name design) that are linked with certain products and services that display commercial source (Blakley, Johanna 2010). Laws safeguarding copyrights have strong links with the England law of the eighteenth century. Complete patent laws may be tracked from the seventeenth-century in England, but they have always been part of the law of United States from the colonial period (Spinello, 2004). The concepts of patent and copyright were all included in the constitution of the United States. The congress has the power to encourage the development of useful art and science. It does this by safeguarding constraint time to inventors and authors theShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Capital Comparison Paper1077 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual Capital Comparison Paper Intellectual capital is the combined knowledge of employees within an organization (Intellectual, 2013). This knowledge is to add value to the organization in ways such as increase profits, provide products or services to customers, gain competitive advantage, improve processes, or other types of capital. 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However, a number of remaining uncertainties around the open source licenses leave room for improvementsRead MoreEntrepreneurial Ecosystem in Academic Organization827 Words   |  3 PagesEntrepreneurship in Europe† (2003) it defines entrepreneurship as â€Å"the mindset and process to create and develop economic activity by blending risk-taki ng, creativity and/ or innovation with sound management within a new or an existing organization†. Definition about entrepreneurial ecosystem is a system of entrepreneurship that is formed by the interaction of a community of organisms within the environment. 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And under traditià ¶nal principles à ¶f intellectual prà ¶perty prà ¶tectià ¶n, patent law is tà ¶ encà ¶urageRead MoreEssay about Legal and Ethical Leadership in Management1549 Words   |  7 Pagescounterfeit items are being sold, and has requested that Normandale stop selling the imitation product. Normandale has not complied. This pap er will discuss if Normandale’s behavior was ethical or not, state or federal laws in relation to intellectual property, and if Mathis has incurred any damages. The paper will also cover social responsibility, implementation of ethical codes, and personal and criminal liabilities. Ethical Behavior Ethics is the study of good and bad behavior; while business

Investment and Portfolio Management Financial Position

Question: Discuss about theInvestment and Portfolio Management for Financial Position. Answer: Introduction Portfolio Management is the process of making decision for the purpose of investment in companies stocks and shares by the individuals and other institutions to generate maximum return. It represents the art of selecting and investing in the optimum shares of the companies based on the market capitalization, performance of the company, financial position of the company and other related factors (Income 2015). Among all the factors, market capitalization and price earnings ratio are the most significant factor that measures the companies efficiency of trading in the stock market. Market capitalization represents the market value of the organizations outstanding securities that is used to determine the organizations size and current position in the stock market. However, many a times the market valuation does not represent the accurate and correct value of the companys shares as the price of the shares are either overvalued or undervalued (Andriosopoulos and Lasfer 2015). The following assignment presents the analysis on the undervaluation and overvaluation of the companys shares that is listed on Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) included in the top 200 stocks. The analysis has been conducted by selecting an Australian company Myer Holdings Limited (Schall 2015). Currently the company has reported revenue amounted to AUD 3.3 billion while operating income is AUD 113.5 million during the financial year 2016. The company is engaged in the retailing business of clothing for men, women and children including the accessories, cosmetics, footwear and other electronic and general stuffs. The organization has been reported as the largest departmental store in Australia considering its revenue and count of the store number. Discussion An organizations share price depends on several factors that determine the companys efficiency in trading and providing expected returns to the investors. Several methods used to value the securities of the company to determine the overvaluation or undervaluation of the shares in the current market industry. Overvaluation of the stock states the shares are being sold in the stock markets at a price that is higher than its actual intrinsic value. On the other hand, undervaluation of the stocks represents the selling price of the organizations shares that is essentially below its actual intrinsic value. Factors that are considered to determine the correct valuation of shares are current price of the securities, dividend on each share and earnings per share. On the contrary, valuation of shares is also determined by using the methods of Net Asset, Market Value, Earning Yield, Dividend yield and capacity of earning method (Lauterbach and Pajuste 2015). As per Net Asset Value Method, Companys share valuation is determined by dividing the net asset value from the number of companys shares. Considering the Myer Holdings Limiteds current financial details, net asset of the company is $863 million and total number of outstanding shares is 585.69 million. Therefore, companys price of share as per the net asset value method is $863 million/585.69 million = $1.47 per share whereas the current trading price of the companys share is $1.22. Hence it can be said that the stock of Myer Holdings Limited is underpriced as per the method of Net Asset value. Accordingly, investors are recommended to go long on the securities of the company. It can be interpreted from the valuation of shares through net asset value method that the intrinsic value of the Myers share is higher than the actual trading price. So, the investors have good acquisition target for the companys securities because the price of the shares may rise in near future by providing th e good rate of return (Duke, Nneji and Nkamare 2015). Valuation of shares can also be determined by using the market value method or yield value method which denotes the expected return of the individual or institutional investors. Rate of return is a return that the investors earn on the amount of their investment that may be in terms of either earning yield or in terms of dividend yield. According to the earning yield method, the valuation of shares is determined by considering the expected return and normal prevailing return rate (Amanatidis et al. 2015). It is determined by using the formula as follows: (expected rate of return/normal rate of return) * paid up equity securities value. Where, expected rate of return is determined as (profit after tax/ paid up equity securities value) * 100. As per the financial information of Myer Holdings Limited, earnings yield is 6.31% assuming the standard normal rate of return is 8% in the current market scenario while the paid up value of the shares is $524.75 million. Therefore, the valuation of share is 6.31% / 8.00% * $524.75 million = $413 million i.e. $0.71 per share which is less than the actual price $1.22. Hence, the equity securities of Myer Holdings Limited is said to be overpriced and investors are recommended to go short on the companys shares investment (Duke, Nneji and Nkamare 2015). On the other hand, dividend yield valuation method is used to determine the value of shares by using the expected rate of dividend and normal rate of return. The valuation of shares is measured by (expected rate of dividend/normal rate of return) * paid up equity securities value. Where, expected rate of return is determined as (profit for dividend/ paid up equity securities value) * 100. According to the current market data of Myer Holdings Limited, dividend yield of the company is 4.10% and the standard rate of return as per the assumption is 8.00%. Therefore, the value of shares is 4.10/ 8.00 * $524.75 million = $268.94 million i.e. $0.50 per share. Since the actual price is higher than the intrinsic value of shares as per dividend yield, the value of the shares can be said to be overpriced (Kokkonen and Suominen 2015). Hence, it is recommended to the individual and institutional investors to go short on companys market share. Other methods for valuation of shares include the method of earning capacity that determines the overvaluation or undervaluation of shares in current market structure. It is measured by considering the total profit attributable to the investors, which is calculated by deducting the tax expenses and amount transferred in the reserves from the net profit earned by the organization (Liu and Swanson 2016). In order to measure the value of shares through this method, capitalized value is required to be determined by the following way: (profit available to attribute to the shareholders/ normal rate of return) * 100 i.e. $29.826 million/8.00% * 100 = $372.82 million. Therefore value of each share is capitalized value/ total number of outstanding shares i.e. $372.82 million/ 585.68 million = $0.64. Since the actual price of the companys share is $1.22, the shares are said to be overvalued (Moolman and Du Toit 2015). Other than those methods over valuation and under valuation of Myer Holding Limiteds share depends on other factors PE ratio, market capitalized value relative to the GDP ratio of the industry. Considering the current market details of Myer Limited, PE ratio of the company is 15.84 while the standard PE ratio of the industries is 15.00. Since the companys PE ratio is higher than the standard industrial PE ratio, it can be said that the shares of Myer Holdings Limited is overvalued (Jensen, Quinn and Weymouth 2015). It can be interpreted from the analysis that the overvaluation of the companys securities represents the fall in price of the shares in near future therefore it is not considered to be good acquisition target. Further, if the PE ratio of the company to the EPS growth is less than one then the companys share are said to be undervalued. On the contrary, if the PE ratio to EPS growth is higher than one then the securities or stocks of the company are said to be overvalued. As per the financial details PE ratio of Myer Limited is 15.84 and EPS is $0.077 i.e. EPS growth is 7.7% therefore, the ratio between PE ratio and EPS growth is 15.84/7.7 = 2.05 that is higher than one. Hence the actual price of the companys share is overvalued and the investors are recommended to go short on acquisition of the Myers equity stocks (Hossain and Ahmad 2015). For the purpose of determining the valuation of shares of a company, it is essential to consider other factors that influence the price of the equity stocks. Such factors are market interest rate, trend of the overall stock exchange market, market capitalization value including the political and legal factors. Further, if valuation of shares is determined by net asset method the value of assets is measured by including goodwill, bad debt provision, any unrecorded asset whereas fictitious assets are required to be deducted (Goh et al. 2015). Accordingly, in case of Myer Holdings Limited, valuation of shares has been determined by considering all the sources that influence the over or under valuation of the shares in the present market trade. However, price earnings ratio is considered to be one of the important factors to determine the over valuation or under valuation of the shares for investment purpose. The current trading price of the share of Myer Holdings Limited is $1.22 while the PE ratio of the company is 15.84, therefore it can be interpreted that the stock of Myer Ltd is trading fifteen times its earnings. Hence, the shares of Myer Holdings Limited is said to be overvalued in the present market scenario (Cziraki, Lyandres and Michaely 2016). Methods that are used to measure the value of shares, used to determine the theoretical values of the organizational securities. It assists in determining the potential trading price or market value of the securities to fetch maximum return on the amount of investment. In case the shares of the companies are undervalued compared to the theoretical or intrinsic value, then the shares are recommended to be acquired. On the contrary, if the securities of the companies are overvalued then the same shall be advised to be sold (Seguin 2016). However, the over valuation and undervaluation of the securities depend on the sources and methods used to compute the fair price of the shares. Shares of Myer Holdings Limited are currently trading at $1.22 whereas the price earnings ratio 15.84, EPS is 0.077 and dividend yield is 4.10%. If the fair value or theoretical value is determined by considering PE ratio then it can be said that the securities of Myer is overvalued and investors should go sho rt on the shares of the company. But if the theoretical value of the company is measured by asset- backing approach or net asset value method then it has been noticed that the Myers securities are undervalued. Therefore the investors are recommended to go long i.e. buy the securities. Further, if the dividend yield of Myer Limited is considered it can be noted that the shares of the company $1.22 overvalued and the investors are recommended to go short on the shares of the entity. Moreover earning per share of Myer Holdings Limited is $0.077 which states that the company has the efficiency to provide $0.77 return on each share acquired by the investors. Since the trading price of the company at current date is $1.22, it can be interpreted that the investors would earn the return of $0.077 per share on the investment of $1.22 per share (Saunders and Brynjolfsson 2016). Valuation of shares is a fundamental analysis to determine the intrinsic value or fair value of the entitys shares based on the earning capacity, financial performance, potential cash flows and other legal factors. For instance, if a companys dividend payout ratio is high and the retention ratio is low then the company is said to be inefficient in investment strategy and therefore investors may not be willing to acquire the stocks. Myer Holdings Limited has earnings yield at the rate of 6.31% whereas dividend yield is 4.10% which means that the companys retention ratio is 2.21%. It can be said that company has efficient investment strategy as well as the distribution of income hence; the investors can acquire the securities of the company in view of its potential growth (Damodaran 2016). The over or under valuation of the securities of the company can also be determined by using the method of discounted cash flow that is expected to be earned by the investors from investment in futur e. However, in case of Myer Holdings Limited it is difficult to ascertain the future cash flows therefore the intrinsic value of the securities through discounted cash flow method cannot be ascertained. Therefore, as the main component to measure the fair value of the stocks is price earnings ratio, over valuation or under valuation of Myer Holdings Limiteds stocks is considered on the basis of PE ratio. From the above discussion it has been interpreted that the stocks of Myer Limited are overvalued therefore investors should go short on the companys securities (Cornell 2015). Conclusion Decision of investment in a companys shares depends on the several factors primary of which is the fair value of the securities in the current market trend. As discussed above, it is important to determine the correct valuation of securities trading on the stock exchange with respect to the companys financial performance and financial position. If the securities are found to be overvalued then the investors should sell the securities while if the securities are undervalued then the investors are required to acquire the company stocks. However, the most important factor to measure the fair value or theoretical value of the securities is the price earnings ratio of the company and the value of net asset value. Considering the price earnings ratio of Myer Holdings Limited, the stocks at current market is overpriced therefore it is recommended to go short on the companys investment. On the other hand, if the net asset value method is considered for the securities of Myer Holdings Limited then the value of the securities has been determined as undervalued with respect to the theoretical value. Hence, the investors of are recommended to go long on the shares of the company. Moreover, the fair value of shares of the company also depends on the earnings growth as well the dividend yield for the current year as well as for the past years. For the purpose of fair valuation of the shares, market capitalization value also plays an important role since it determines the value of the enterprise. Considering the market cap of Myer Limited value of shares can be said to be overvalued. In view of the earning yield as well as the dividend yield of Myer Limited in the current market trend, stocks of the company are overvalued since the dividend yield and earning yield are higher than the standard industrial rate. Similarly, if the earning per share of the company is taken into account for measuring the correct valuation of shares, it can be concluded that the shares are overprice d. Hence considering the main valuation factors of share valuation it is to be concluded that the shares of Myer Holding Limited are overvalued. Reference List Amanatidis, G., Markakis, E., Nikzad, A. and Saberi, A., 2015, July. Approximation algorithms for computing maximin share allocations. InInternational Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming(pp. 39-51). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Andriosopoulos, D. and Lasfer, M., 2015. The market valuation of share repurchases in Europe.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.327-339. Cornell, B., 2015. Using Dividend Discount Models to Estimate Expected Returns.The Journal of Investing,24(1), pp.48-51. Cziraki, P., Lyandres, E. and Michaely, R., 2016. What Do Insiders Know? Evidence from Insider Trading Around Share Repurchases and SEOs.Evidence from Insider Trading Around Share Repurchases and SEOs (February 15, 2016). Damodaran, A., 2016.Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Dudney, D.M., Jirasakuldech, B., Zorn, T. and Emekter, R., 2015. Do residual earnings price ratios explain cross-sectional variations in stock returns?.Managerial Finance,41(7), pp.692-713. Duke, S.B., Nneji, I.D. and Nkamare, S.E., 2015. Impact of Dividend Policy on Share Price Valuation in Nigerian Banks.Archives of Business Research,3(1). Goh, B.W., Li, D., Ng, J. and Yong, K.O., 2015. Market pricing of banks fair value assets reported under SFAS 157 since the 2008 financial crisis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(2), pp.129-145. Hossain, M. and Ahmad, A., 2015. Is Buying Back of Shares a Dangerous Financial Strategy?.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,15(7). Income, I., 2015. Dividend Income.Personal Finance: An Encyclopedia of Modern Money Management: An Encyclopedia of Modern Money Management, p.98. Jensen, J.B., Quinn, D.P. and Weymouth, S., 2015. The influence of firm global supply chains and foreign currency undervaluations on US trade disputes.International Organization,69(04), pp.913-947. Kokkonen, J. and Suominen, M., 2015. Hedge funds and stock market efficiency.Management Science,61(12), pp.2890-2904. Lauterbach, B. and Pajuste, A., 2015. The long-term valuation effects of voluntary dual class share unifications.Journal of Corporate Finance,31, pp.171-185. Liu, H. and Swanson, E.P., 2016. Is price support a motive for increasing share repurchases?.Journal of Corporate Finance,38, pp.77-91. Luo, Y., Ren, J. and Wang, Y., 2015. Misvaluation comovement, market efficiency and the cross-section of stock returns: Evidence from China.Economic Systems,39(3), pp.390-412. Moolman, E. and Du Toit, C., 2015. An econometric model of the South African stock market.South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences,8(1), pp.77-91. Saunders, A. and Brynjolfsson, E., 2016. Valuing Information Technology Related Intangible Assets.Mis Quarterly,40(1), pp.83-110. Schall, L.D., 2015. Valuation of an Equity Interest.Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,18(04), p.1550021. Seguin, P.J., 2016. The Relative Value of Public Non-Listed REITs.Journal of Real Estate Research,38(1), pp.59-92. Vernazza, C.R., Wildman, J.R., Steele, J.G., Whitworth, J.M., Walls, A.W., Perry, R., Matthews, R., Hahn, P. and Donaldson, C., 2015. Factors affecting patient valuations of caries prevention: Using and validating the willingness to pay method.Journal of dentistry,43(8), pp.981-988.

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli Essay Example For Students

The Road Not Taken? by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli Essay cation The poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost addresses the idea of decision-making and choosing what direction life will take you. The poem is about the speaker arriving at a fork in the road, where both paths are carpeted with leaves. The persona, who is believed to be Frost himself, chooses to take the road less traveled by. He tells himself that he will take the other road another day, although he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. The poem concludes with the speaker satisfied by his choice in taking the road less traveled by. We will write a custom essay on The Road Not Taken? by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The poem consists of four stanzas, each containing five lines. The rhyme rigid scheme is ABAAB. Then, in the last line the rhyme is broken with the word difference making the ending stand out from the rest of the poem. Each line contains four stressed syllables. Frost uses a metaphor comparing the road to life, and the fork to making decisions. The first stanza conveys a mood of change and introduces the idea of a life altering decision, which is the basis for the poem. First Frost sets the scene with his opening words, Two roads diverged (line 1). The speaker is standing at a junction in the road pondering two choices. The roads in the poem are merged where the speaker is standing but lead in two different directions signifying two different paths in life. Frost begins with the metaphorical meaning as early as the first line with his reference to yellow wood (line 1). This suggests that the setting is in the forest during Fall, which is the season of change. The second line, sorry I could not have traveled both (line 2) expresses the curiosity to explore several possibilities in life. It also forms a sense of regret at not knowing what could lie ahead on the un-chosen path and the speakers limitation to one lifetime. When Frost says, And be one traveler (line 3) it is obvious that speaker can not travel down both paths. He realizes that he needs to make a choice and pick one path over the other. The speakers procrastination and the difficulty in predicting the outcome of the decision he needs to make is shown when he, stood And looked down one as far as I could (line3-4). Both roads lead to the unknown, To where it bent in the undergrowth (line 5), as do many choices in life. This is a metaphor to our inability to predict the future, and the fact that regardless what road is chosen it will not be free of obstacles. In the second stanza the persona continues to examine both paths and ponder which road to take. In line six Frost uses the phrase, just as fair (line 6), to imply that his decision needs careful consideration because once it is made, there is no turning back. Once again, Frost points to uncertainty in the future by using the word perhaps in line seven. The speaker is judging the road from where he is standing. Frost then goes on to describe the path as grassy and wanted wear (line 8). From this line, the reader gets the impression that the persona took the road less traveled by to break away from the influence and control of society. But by making the metaphor a road Frost makes it clear that few have chosen to take the harder route through life because it is less trodden upon. Although the roads have little difference in appearance since they are worn about the same (line 10), they both lead to undeterminable futures. By the end of the second stanza, the speaker still has not made a choice about which path to take. The third stanza makes it clear that every time a choice presents itself there is a new journey or path to be traveled. This is shown in lines eleven and twelve when Frost says, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black (line 11-12). Then, with the use of, Oh, I kept the first for another day! (line 13), the speaker repeats his hesitation and .

A nation Under Attack essays

A nation Under Attack essays We are a nation under attack. No, I am not confused. I am not mixing us up with Iraq, which is systematically being attacked by the U.S. government. I mean we, a nation of American citizens who are systematically being attacked by the U.S. government. No bombs have been dropped yet but the soldiers have certainly been put on alert. Im not sure if this was George W.s plan all the time or if the light suddenly went on when he was granted the presidency by the Supreme Court, but somewhere along the line he decided the old rules of American government, including the built in checks and balance system of separate branches of government, were no longer needed and he would make up some new ones. And, boy, has he been busy. Since he took office, George W. has little by little beaten back our assumed, and always before guaranteed, civil rights. He has established what is known as the Bush Doctrine. It says, in essence: he, the leader of the United States, will be ever vigilant looking for countries that may someday develop into a threat and, pre-emptively, declare war on them. No, he will not need anyones approval, he assigned himself sovereign power. To be clear, this is a power given to a monarch or other supreme ruler. Yes, I am still talking about America, land of democracy. I read most of the Bush Doctrine and never did find who gets to keep an eye on us, in case we develop into a threatbecause right about now Id say that country is either loading the missiles or asleep on the job. He has signed into law the Patriot Act, which gives the government the right to arrest without charge and hold indefinitely anyone the government labels a threat. Well, two lines in to this editorial I became a threat to the new regime. One of the reasons we broke from England in 1776 was that they were arresting people without charge and holding them indefinitely. At the time we considered ...

Consider the strengths of any civil claims that may be available for Essay

Consider the strengths of any civil claims that may be available for Jane, Bob, Sam, Dave and Mel to pursue - Essay Example He also adds that the car had only done 10,000 miles. These facts about the car impress Andy, and another seconding from his best friend Sam on the car, he accepts to purchase it for  £8,000. Andy leaves HOTMOTORS happy after getting what he wanted and thinking it was a hot bargain, only to later realize that the sales representative fooled him into buying an old junk. For instance, that very day he causes an accident when he bumps into Jane, the motorist in front of him at a road junction near his home, after the brakes of the car failed to work properly, and thus, he has to pay up Jane for the damages caused on her car. In addition, he experiences more problems with the car in a four weeks period after its purchase, inclusive of an unusual wear of the tyres, which then requires a replacement with four new ones at the cost of  £360. The HOTMOTORS garage also fails to fix the problems on Andy’s car when he takes it to them owing to the backlog of work. After this incident, Andy realizes the true condition of his car when an experienced mechanic at the garage looks and examines its state. Dave confirms that to Andy everything contrary to what he previously believed was the true condition of the car. For starters, the car is worth nothing, but a mere  £40 as scrap because of its old conditions and demanding repairs such as a 100,000 mileage, requirement of a new engine and a gearbox. Andy refuses to pay the mechanic’s bill of  £150 out of anger, and drives out to his friend’s house who advised him to buy the car. He smashes his friend’s car, a new BMW causing him damages worth  £3,000 in retribution, and then drives to HOTOMOTORS where, finding the sales representative, punches him in the nose causing him to bleed for lying to him about the condition of the car. The wife of the sales representative faints after witnessing the bloody state of her husband falls down and suffers a concussion leading to a perm anent memory loss. Although the

Understanding and managing customers in the chocolate market Essay

Understanding and managing customers in the chocolate market - Essay Example The chocolate market is one of the successful market sectors in the world. It targets a wide range of customers from children up to senior citizens. However, entering in this kind of market without sufficient knowledge and experience will just incur losses.It is important to know how the different chocolate companies like Hershey, Cadbury, and Nestle were able to achieve success in the chocolate business. This paper discusses the current events that are happening around the chocolate sector in order to provide relevant information to potential clients entering the chocolate market.It also provides information on the current size and value as well as the trends and development in the chocolate industry. This paper tends to analyze the risks and opportunities in entering this kind of market sector.The cocoa into which chocolate is created was discovered in the Amazon 4000 years ago (2000 B.C.). The cocoa was part of the Mayan culture (6 AD to 600 AD) and symbolized as the "god's food." For the Aztecs (1200 AD), cocoa beans were used for currency. In the early decades of the 16th century, the process of making chocolate drink 'Chocolati' was learned. In the same period, Hernando Cortez established the first cocoa plantation in Mexico. The chocolate arrived in Spain in 1528 and became popular in Europe not until the 17th century. The first chocolate made by machine was produced in Spain. Several chocolate factories were established in the United States, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, and Germany during the late 18th century up to the early 19th century. Switzerland took over the lead in chocolate innovation as Swiss Daniel Peter discovered the milk chocolate in 1875. In the early 1900's the Swiss chocolate became famous around Europe while in the United States, the New York Cocoa Exchange was established for buyers and sellers of chocolates. In the Second World War, chocolates were used as supplements for the soldiers. The U.S. astronauts also included chocola tes, as part of their diets. (Chocolate Month Club) B. CURRENT SIZE AND VALUE United States and Europe Ryan Freund (2008) reports the global chocolate confectionary market had annual sales of 75 billion US Dollars in 2006. From the given figure, Europe contributed 35 billion US Dollars while the United States of America totalled for 16 billion US Dollars. They combine for a majority of the global chocolate market sales. Table 1 shows the average amount of chocolate the consumers spend per year. The United States has higher chocolate sales per capita of $53.16 compared to $48.08 chocolate sales per capita in Europe. Both spend at an average of $50 on chocolates every year. (Freund 2008) Table 1 Country/Region Chocolate Sales per Year Population1 Chocolate Sales per Capita United States $16 billion 301 million $53.16 Europe $35 billion 728 million $48.08 The British people are regarded as the biggest chocolate consumers in Europe consuming at an average of 10 kilos each person, every year. The British market is said to be around 4 billion Pounds. The two leading chocolate markets in United Kingdom are Cadbury and Nestle. (BBC News 2004) Table 2 shows the market value for chocolate confectionery in UK from 2004 to 2008. The chocolate market is sub-divided in to six (6) categories which are: "'boxed', 'moulded bars', 'Seasonal', 'Countlines', 'Straightlines' and 'other' Chocolate". (Business Insights 2008) Table 2 Germans and French are the next largest chocolate consumers in Europe eating annually at around 8.3 kilos and 5.8 kilos each respectively. (Food Production Daily 2005) Table 3 illustrates the value of chocolate confectionery sales in Germany from 2004 to 2008. Like in Table 1, the sales value is further divided into six (6) subcategories.2 Table 3 Asia In Asia, the Japanese eat at an annual average of 2.2 to 2.3 kilos each. In China, the Chinese are eating chocolates at an average of 1

Management In Action Starbucks Marketing Essay

Management In Action Starbucks Marketing Essay 1. Introduction: At global level there are many developed and successful organisation which have powerful strategy, modern technology, good managerial system and sound financial conditions. StarBucks is one of the famous and successful organisations. StarBucks is a global organisation. This case study is going to describe about the StarBucks value at global level and relation with theories of trade. Main thing is strategy of StarBucks that which type of strategy StarBucks have adopted and what the impact on the organisations was. StarBucks has used well structure strategy to develop the organisation at the global level. So that is why StarBucks have achieved its aim, objectives at domestic and global level. StarBucks has faced many challenges during its success. There are some supporting theories which have explained about the national advantage of the StarBucks like Porters diamond model. There is also analysis of SWOT Matrix which explains about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the StarBucks. SWOT Matrix is the alternative of the strategy of the company. Market development of StarBucks was diversification in culture, marketing mix and development of product. There are some unrelated developments like WIFI internet connection is available on the stores, entertainments, music etc. StarBucks have also partnership with different organisation. 2. History of StarBucks: Starbucks has launched in 1971 in Seattle. Three friends have opened a small coffee shop. There name were Jerry Baldwin, Zev Sigel and Gordon Browker. They were found of fresh coffee. They started to sell fresh roasted, gourmet coffee beans coffee beans. Then things started change in 80s. In 1981 sales man of plastic has noticed about the usage of drip prepped thermoses which StarBucks was buying from Hammerplast. Starbucks sold out from Zev Sigel. In 1982, Howard Schultz haired by Baldwin as a new marketing head and he is sent to Italy for attending the international show. Schultz noticed an important point rather than the coffee that customers came to coffee shop and enjoy every sip of coffee it was inspiration moment for him. Schultz explained that impressive moment and said change old world with new world and make a place where people can do gathering by using the marketing techniques. Baldwin did not allow Schultz to do. After that Schultz has opened its own coffee shop with nam e of Il Giornale and start selling 700 coffees per day it was great success for him. In 1987, Schultz pushes up the business and forces the investors to open 125 outlets in next five year. Starbucks started outlet from 17 stores in 1987 then business expanded in Vancouver, Chicago, and Portland as well. StarBucks also started mail order business and licensed on airport. Business also expanded in California, United States, Japan and Singapore. Star bucks also started WIFI free internet connection, selling CDs, producing ice cream and also make relation with Apple Company as well. StarBucks have 1334 stores all over the world and got success. 3. Globalisation: We can define globalisation that it is a process, in which we can reduce the distance, time, easy access, connection by using the global networking. It will call global village as well. Regional, economical and cultural activities become incorporated with each other by globalisation. Globalisation helps to reduced and minimized the barriers between national borders and flow of goods, capital, services, and labour. Globalisation has made easy access to the products, services etc. We can see the example of KFC, McDonalds, Dominos pizza many other organisation which are worldwide spreader. Globalisation is not a minor term, it is board term. There is one more example of StarBucks which is worlds famous organisation. It has a lot of branches on different countries globally. StarBucks and Globalisation: StarBucks is a multinational organisation in America. It has more than 16000 StarBucks branches in the world. Starbuck sale out coffee and espresso and many other products as well. Almost 70 percent branches are in United States and rest of percentage in the world. Starbuck speciality is whole bean coffee. It also offers frapaccino, baked goods and beverages as well. A star buck is the one of the successful organisation of the America which is globally spreader business. 4. Theories of international trade: International trade mean import and export of goods and services across the boundaries of the countries. It helps to increase in the gross domestic profits in the countries. International trade is affected by industrialisation, modern technology, and advance infrastructure system and by many other factors as well. Theory of international trade includes four types of theories.1) comparative advantage2) absolute advantage3) trade theory4) mercantilist theories. Two theories are most important one is comparative advantage theory and other is absolute theory. Comparative advantage means two counties are committed they want to increase production by their motivational power and want to reduced consumption because they prior to trade lower relative marginal cost than other goods. Absolute advantage theory means take advantage by using the cheapest source by doing trade of products which was totally unattainable at domestic level. StarBucks and theory of international trade: StarBucks is the well known multinational organisation. StarBucks import and export their products in the different countries. StarBucks outlets are scattered on the whole world. So it has connected with the theory of trade. Star buck expended its business. It opened first coffee warehouse in Tokyo then it open its branches in different countries and adopted the theory of international trade. Absolute theory is related to StarBucks because America has StarBucks which is specialist in coffee and food and extended its business across the boundaries of the country. 5. Globalisation strategies of StarBucks: StarBucks faces many up and down to expand its business. To become a multinational company StarBucks have to mage globalisation strategy which have give the benefits and also accepted many challenges. On the 40th anniversary of StarBucks chair man, CEO told about the global strategy of StarBucks which explain about the achievement of discipline, profitable growth by approval the global market place, forcing our brand strength through new and existing ways. He also describe about the good customer services, new innovation in the market. In the global strategy of StarBucks also include about the employees which are providing good customer service and trying to maximize the satisfaction of the customer. StarBucks basic object is providing good and valuable quality coffee and food to the customer and make them happy. Global strategy is helpful to achieve their objective, vision, and mission. It also explains about the financial the conditions, strengths, weakness, environmental condition of StarBucks and also explains about the cultural and organisational behaviour of the StarBucks. Challenges for StarBucks: A star buck has faced different challenges during the journey of success. StarBucks have challenge the economical and consumer environmental condition in US and across the boundaries in many countries. StarBucks adopted those trick which has developed in the financial condition, operating performance and also its fiscal health. StarBucks also handling the disciplines and strategy growth in US and in retail business and also in global market. Most of these challenges were related to the organisation global strategies. 6. Supporting theories: There is one of the famous theories which are porters diamond theory that explain about the comparatives advantage of the country. This theory includes some factors which are labour, natural resources and size of population. Michael E. Porter has explained in this theory that nation can create new advance factors as well. Porters diamond national advantage: There are four factors which can affect the comparative advantage. Availability of natural resources. Important information which help in decision making. Goal of individual of company Pressure on company to invest and innovate. Factor condition means a country create its own skilled factors like StarBucks has created its own value and specialised in coffee. StarBucks have labour force and also a lot of strengths it can achieve its goals. Market of specific product demands more important rather than the international level whenever local market will not be strong then bunnies will not extent so StarBucks did the same thing so thats why it is globally famous organisation. Related and supporting industries show about the market competition. StarBucks have competition with Costa coffee. StarBucks strategy, structure and rivalry also effect on the organisation. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency of operations: There are some operations which are StarBucks doing and focusing on them. These operations are effective and helping in progress of business. Recycling system was started in 2005 but plastic cup could not be recycled then they have changed the material of cup for recycling. Many stores did not have bins to store the recycle but now many stores have arranged it and it is effective because they can easily collect the rubbish and recycle it. In 2004 StarBucks, StarBucks have reduced to use the napkins and the store garbage bags because the usage of these thing s very high. The usage of water was also so much high23.4 million per day. It was continues usage of water during washing utensils. Then StarBucks have started to use machine push button for washing the utensils. Efficiency of this operation was it has reduced the usage of water 150 gallons per day. StarBucks also started staff training. This training was give for the properly coffee making. Except it StarBucks have stared some charitable operations like Ethos water which was way of charity to the children, product red was launched foe the AIDS medicines and New Orleans is different employees working different projects like gardening, planting trees in urban areas. 8. Strategy of StarBucks and its alternatives: Strategy of StarBucks is very simple and unique. Their mission statement is always providing good quality coffee to the customers they grew coffee and roast them with great care. They also care about those people who grew the coffee. StarBucks are worldwide famous organisation so there is diversity fall but they respect each other. StarBucks also serve the customers with the nice smile and with good beverages. StarBucks think that their store is place where customers can come and enjoy their precious time together. They can do get together. StarBucks also explain about the relation as a neighbour which positive. Basic objective of StarBucks expanding their business whole the world and good customer service and make employees proud on it. If we do SWOT analysis of StarBucks then we can find out the alternatives of the strategy of StarBucks. Best way is SWOT matrix which is more help full. SWOT MATRIX: LEAVE BLANK Strength(S) List strength Weakness(W) List weakness Opportunities (O) List opportunities SO strategies Use strength take advantage of opportunities WO strategies Overcoming weakness by taking advantage of opportunities Threats (T) List threats ST strategies Use strength avoiding threats WT strategies Minimize weakness and avoid threats. SO strategies: StarBucks is good market leader and have good ability to attract the customers. StarBucks have well train employees and good working environment. StarBucks are strong financial organisation and it is spreader all over the world. StarBucks have also good relation with customers as well. Through using its strength StarBucks can take advantage from the opportunities. StarBucks can use new technology and can expand also retail business. StarBucks can also launched new and branded product by emerging with the other organisation at global level. WO Strategies: StarBucks can overcome the weakness by using the opportunities. StarBucks are focusing the size of the business. It trying to expand the business but its not focusing on internal factors. Numbers of competitors are increasing in the growing market so StarBucks should have to think about it. StarBucks have also weakness of cross functional management. Product pricing of the StarBucks is also high. StarBucks have to take advantage of the opportunities which includes new distribution of channels, distribution of products and segmentation at domestic level and adopting new managerial systems. ST Strategies: By using the strengths StarBucks can avoid threats. StarBucks have threat of competition which includes other coffee shops and super markets. There is also fluctuation of prices in other developing countries. Some cultural and political issues also threats for StarBucks. By suing the power and strength can achieve its goals. StarBucks are knowledge based and board organisation. It has strong financial resources as well. StarBucks have trademarks and patents rights as well. WT Strategies: Last strategy alternative is minimizing weakness and avoid threats. StarBucks is focusing on the expansion of the business but its not expanding the business but have to do analysis its internal factors. It should reduce to adopt the cross functional managerial system. It should have to reduce the prices. Through this automatically threats will minimized as well. 9. Market development alternatives: Market strategy of StarBucks is to expand the business at high market level and also in global market. StarBucks have leadership quality as well. StarBucks have good relation with its suppliers and have ability to be an industry market leader. Customers accept its products and like to eat it. Its have its competitors like Costa coffee and cafe Nero. Diversification: Starbucks prefer diversification to their customer, Communities, partners and supplier. There is diversification in employees because in different areas have different employees according the countries. There is also diversification between the customers according to the cultural of the people. Starbucks do contributions to their neighbours have partnership with different companies and organisation. Starbucks always try to develop its business by doing relationship with other new suppliers. Product and market growth: StarBucks have to launch new products with good and developed taste. StarBucks can do brand extension as well. It will be help full to increase demand of products and market development at domestic level and also at global market. Market growth can be increased by doing good advertisements. It will maximise market development. Marketing mix: Marketing mix also an alternative of development of a market. StarBucks have competitive advantage and also good leadership quality. By adopting the marketing mix StarBucks can develop the market at domestic and global level. 10. Unrelated developments: StarBucks is well known organisation at global level. Its coffee quality and taste is also liked by the customers. Their strategy is to give good taste and good quality coffee to customers. They want to make happy to the customers. StarBucks try to do some direct development but it also affect directly. There are some indirect developments which are as follow. Wireless internet: StarBucks is offering free internet connection at their stores. Every customer can get easy access to the internet while taking coffee. There is no charge, no need to use password and user name and no restriction. Its unlimited usage of internet connection. StarBucks try to do direct development but it was indirect development because StarBucks is an organisation where providing coffee not WIFI system. I Phone Apple: StarBucks did agreement with Apple Company. They offer the customer to get free music. In 2007, in ITunes stores StarBucks entertainments option added. These were similar songs which were played in StarBucks store. StarBucks want to entertain their customers as well. StarBucks want to do directly development but it indirect development of entertainments. MSNBC: StarBucks have relation with Moring news by name of brewed by StarBucks. It shows logo changed in company as well StarBucks as well. StarBucks wants to give up to date news to customers. It was indirect development in media in StarBucks 11.Strategic alliances, joint ventures and routes to survive: StarBucks have different joint ventures and used different strategic alliances. One of them was HEAR MUSIC which is purchased by StarBucks in 1999. StarBucks realised it first album with name of opera. This album includes famous singer. StarBucks use this strategy and get development and extension in business. StarBucks have partnership with the Apple Company which is very well known and famous at global level. StarBucks did joint venture with it and add option of music of StarBucks in ITunes store. People love to listen music and like the barded products so that is why StarBucks had taken advantage. StarBucks also having partnership with the BT for free WIFI connection. It was successful strategy to develop the business and get attraction of customers. 12. Conclusion and recommendation: At the end, StarBucks is the good competitors and successful organisation in the world. Starbucks has achieve its aim , goal and objective in very short time period by adopting well structured strategy by using at global level and domestic level as well. StarBucks have good and valuable roast beans coffee and also well trained staff and employees with good managerial system. Starbucks has good strengths and opportunities through it can competitor its rival and also can over the weakness and can avoid threats as well. In my opinion is that StarBucks is expanding its business day by day but it not giving attention to its internal factors like financial condition and cross function managerial system. It should have to make strategy to minimize its weakness and threats that can be a cause of its loss. Starbucks is famous all over the world and people like the taste of coffee.

Atomic Bombs :: essays research papers

An atomic bomb is a bomb in which the splitting of atomic nuclei results in an explosion of tremendous force and heat, accompanied by a blinding light. The destructive force of an atomic bomb is due to nearly instantaneous and uncontrolled successive fissions of uranium or plutonium atoms in a chain reaction, each fission releasing tremendous energy and also neutrons which produce the succeeding fission (The World Book Dictionary 129). In other words, these bombs are very powerful. This was demonstrated in 1940, when we dropped an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima during World War II. This bomb left a crater, in the ground, that was over a half of a mile long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first instances that these bombs were used was called the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was created by the United States government in 1942 to produce the first nuclear bomb. The official agency that produced the bomb was the Corps of Engineers’ Manhattan Engineer District, commanded by Major General Leslie R.Groves. He directed industrial and research activities at such sites as Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico (The World Book Encyclopedia 141). Here they designed to bombs that were later called â€Å"The Fat Man† and â€Å"The Little Boy†. There was later a movie named after the two bombs that showed how they were made and the experiences that came with making them. A worker was killed during the final stages of the Manhattan Project when a critical assembly of fissile material was accidentally brought together by hand. This incident, which was dramatized in â€Å"Fat Man and Little Boy†, pre-dated remote-control assembly of such components, but the hazards of manual assembly were known at the time (U.S. Nuclear Accidents, Internet). Only 9 months after that, a similar problem occurred which there were 8 people that got radiation exposure and 7 of them died because of it. In the past, there were very many nuclear accidents. One of these was in 1982. International Nutronics in Dover, New Jersey, which used radiation baths to purify gems, chemicals, food, and medical supplies, experienced an accident that completely contaminated the plant, forcing its closure. A pump malfunctioned, siphoning water from the baths onto the floor; the water eventually was drained into the sewer system of the heavily populated town of Dover. The NRC wasn’t informed of the accident until ten months later. In 1986, the company and one of its top executives were convicted by a federal jury of conspiracy and fraud.

Going for the Look

In Cohen’s statement, he gives off an intellectual but also an arrogant tone. This reflects his knowledge for being a successful retailer, but also has a sexist and snobbish way of viewing marketing. Retailers look for walking billboards to upscale their product to the public. Cohen states that you need attractive people working behind the counter to bring in today’s young crowd to the stores.On one hand, retailers should be able to hire who they want so they can project their image; but they are risking discrimination against people who are not eligible to work for them. From my own experience, I have noticed attractive people working at Abercrombie and Fitch stores. It is practically the models from a catalog working in Abercrombie. Yes, it is true that these workers project an image, but for what? I honestly do not walk into these stores just because a â€Å"good-looking gal† is working behind the counter.I go into stores because the clothes, or the brand catc h my attention, not some person advertising the product. So I disagree with this part Cohen’s argument, because not everyone goes into a store just to see a â€Å"good-looking gal†. Another argument Cohen brings up is that retailers hire based on looks because it is smart and necessary. In the article â€Å"Going for the Look, but Risking Discrimination† by Steven Green gives a great example about Elizabeth Nill.She walks into Abercrombie stores and almost every time managers walk up to her and offer her a job. This proves that retailers hire only attractive people. This is discrimination because Abercrombie is only hiring white, attractive people. This leaves them vulnerable for criticism from the public. Retailers should be able to hire they want so they can project their image; but they are risking discrimination against people that are not eligible to work them. I find Cohen’s argument to be invalid.

The Great Railroad Strike Of 1877 - 837 Words

Summary: Crises, such as the great railroad strike of 1877, Homestead strike of 1892, Pullman strike of 1894, and the depression of 1893-1894, were results from the rise of industrial capitalism. By 1900, America produced one-third of the world’s goods. Due to this, cities became polluted and overcrowded, and became breeding grounds for diseases like typhoid and cholera. The working situations were not much better, with unskilled industrial laboring class, child labor, low wages, locked fire doors, and allowance of toxic fumes in the factories; many people were disgusted by the way America’s economy grew, while its people were left in poor health. The middle and working classes were looked down upon by the wealthy capitalistic upper class. Muckrakers shed light on the shady business dealings the capitalistic upper class dealt in, and the corruption of politics. The society they showed made many Americans felt as though the fundamental principles and promises were violated. This is how progressivism was formed; a way to fix the broken society that many Americans now suffered in. Progressivism arose in various places from 1890 to 1917. It had many different focuses ranging from social justice emphasis to economic and political emphasis. There were three areas the movement wanted to reform: efforts to make the government cleaner (less corrupt and more democratic), attempts to ameliorate the effects of industrialization and efforts to rein in corporate power. Despite theShow MoreRelatedHarper ´s Weekly Magazine: The Great Railroad Strike of 18771967 Words   |  8 Pagesof the Civil War. So as not to upset its wide readership in the South, Harper’s took a moderate editorial position on the issue of slavery. Publications that supported abolition referred to it as Harper’s Weakly† (RareNewspapers). When the Great Strike of 1877 came about, the number of people who read Harper’s Weekly was over half a million in the United States. George William Curtis, one of the founders of the Republican Party, became the political editor of Harper’s Weekly in 1863 and he remainedRead MoreEssay on The Great Railroad Strike1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Railroad Strike In the first half of the 19th Century the working class in the newly industrializing American society suffered many forms of exploitation. The working class of the mid-nineteenth century, with constant oppression by the capitalist and by the division between class, race, and ethnicity, made it difficult to form solidarity. After years of oppression and exploitation by the ruling class, the working class struck back and briefly paralyzed American commerce. The strike, whichRead MoreThe And At The End Of The Paper I Will Compare The Strikes1632 Words   |  7 PagesIn this research paper I will discuss three different strikes. And at the end of the paper I will compare the strikes, to see if there is any correlation between the three. In Labor Relations, we learned that strikes happen for many reasons. Some of the reasons being unfair labor practices, horrible work conditions, Salary and incentive problems, Dissatisfaction with company policy, Leaves with wages and holidays, Bonus, p rofit sharing, Provident fund and gratuity, Retrenchment of workmen and closureRead MoreThe United States Greatest Advancement998 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Greatest Advancement Succeeding the Civil War, the United States emerged to be an increasingly fast-growing industry within the years 1877 and 1918. With the rise of an industrial America, many modern inventions were developed. Since the end of the Civil War, the nation s greatest accomplishment during that span was the innovation of railroads. The establishment of the railway brought about transportation, social, and economic modulations throughout the country. 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The Homestead Strike involved Pittsburgh workers that were getting replaced by machines. Andrew Carnegie was away hunting and left Henry Frick in charge. Henry Frick was replacing the workers with machinery. Frick wanted toRead MoreThe Outcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes1164 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes.   The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditionsRead MoreLate Nineteenth Century and Labor Force1256 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment efforts to destroy labor union strikes were fruitful during The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (Document B) and The Homestead Strike in 1892 (Document G). The Great Railroad Strike started with a devastating stock market crash and depression in 1873. Thousands of businesses were forced to close down and others forced to drastically reduce pay and fire their workers. Years later on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which is mentioned in Document B, railroad laborers working on these lines strikedRead MoreOutcome Of Two Major Railroad Strikes1250 Words   |  5 Pages1. Identify and describe the outcome of two major Railroad Strikes. The two major Railroad Strikes were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and Railroad Shop workers Strike of 1922. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, was due to workers not being happy about the pay cuts that were being made by their employer so often. Northern Railroads began cutting salaries and wages. Because of various railroads cutting wages by 10% back to back, workers were not willing to continue working under those conditionsRead MoreThe Criticism Of Thomas Paine1233 Words   |  5 PagesBO Railroad company were overworked as well as underpaid. When their CEO decided to fire employees and cut the already super-low wages, the workers decided to strike back. From here, came the Great Strike of 1877. According to Fredrick Kunkle of Washingtonpost.com, â€Å"The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began in Martinsburg . . . when railroad workers responded to yet another pay cut by shutting down the yard. Violent clashes broke out, and from there the trouble raced along the great railroa d lines