Online Grading System Essay Example for Free

Online Grading System EssayToday, many pre-school, elementary and high school students in their school are not use an machine-driven system in daily life. But there are so many schools are still use manual system.Grading System is the most commonly used in computing and analyzing the performance, talents and skills of the students and for achievement and assist in identifying problems of the student? It is the important record to keep even for the longest time for the referral and enfranchisement of the student to enter their next level of attaining their goals. Grading System for Data Accuracy leave alone help a lot in the part of t to each oneers, school, garbage disposal and as wellspring as the security of data of students and tract record that recognizes of one student, this maybe use for analyzing of your attitude and values.Based on our research, the school of San Guillermo honorary society in Talisay , Batangas is using a manual computation of grades of each studen t, which the teachers are using Microsoft excel to compute the grades of each students and they have no registrar, just the consultant of their section releasing their grades. Manual computation is very prompt to risk for any circumstances. It is time consuming in terms of recording grades, computation using of calculator. If some records are lost, they never retrieve it in case of unexpected calamity. Accuracy and security is not been so defined.The proposed system in San Guillermo Academy is an automatize Online Grading System where it will provide in the internet and made by using database and web development. This Online Grading System is unique because grade in each subject that just need to be able to compute the particular average grades of the each student. It consist of an office of the registrar where all the grades of each student in San Guillermo Academy took place and the office of the registrar will take charge to release allgrades of the student.Having an Automated and Online Grading System for the verbalise school will give an unique formula that will be use in getting or computing the grades of the students and system where personnel cease encode the students grade. Using the different formula in computing of students grades of the said school is not accurate and/or different result in other students grades using another different formula. Thus, having an Automated Grading System for the said school will become easy, accurate and time saving for the Teachers, Personnel as well as the students.Background of the StudyThe San Guillermo Academy Grading System today is neat manually, it causes the teachers doing heavy task of computing grades every(prenominal) leveling period. The manual Grading System in San Guillermo Academy slows down the processing and delaying submission of grades as well as the security of data of the students has not been defined in manual system.The computerized grading system will benefit the school and help the stu dents to view their grades every examination period. The rapid advancement of computers in our society has made our daily workloads easier and much accurate. With its vast development, we need to set ourselves in its change and go with its flow. recital of the problem1. Is automated grading system can retrieve any student records than manual grading system?2. Is Manual grading system gives more accurate, efficiency and easy to use than the automated grading system?3. Is manual grading system makes the task easier and less consuming of time than the automated grading system?4. Is there any significance between the manual grading systems to the automated grading system?

Strategic decisions of human resource management

strategical decisions of homosexual resource palmmentIntroductionThe intention of this get across is to analyse and evaluate communication systems which impact upon strategic decisions with reference to modern-day views of human resource direction within a spiritualist surface catching firm. Taking a look at relevant theorists views and whether they would fit in to the medium sized contracting firm modelThe following atomic number 18as are to be analysed and consideredTypes of communication systemsHow these impact on strategic decisionsStrategic resource care overviewTheorists relevant to adult male resource circumspection (HRM)How these impact on a medium contracting firmReference is to be made specific tout ensembley to theorists models (e.g., Guests 1997 model and Legge 1995) how they compare and weather they fit into the modern HR model Communication methods count Appendix 1. Within the modern working environment the problem for management and employees alike is how t o select the most effective method of communicating with other individuals and groups umteen factors can help to determine this selectionFormal or informal content of messageSpeed and delivery and responseIndividual or handsome group or large group as receiverCost of communication theoryAvailability of information and communication tech zero(prenominal)ogyCommunication systemsThere are many communication systems which are relied on within the modern working environment entirely are we sure that we mean the teleph unmatched, meetings, computer or scour written these themselves have become mobile with the introduction of the mobile phone and lap top colligate to a wifi network constantly big access to internet and e brands. These are the tools for communication.Communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication.Verbal communication involves written and vocal communicationNon-verbal communication includes body language, facial expres sions and visuals diagramsVerbal CommunicationVerbal communication can be further divided into written and oral exam communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone. The other showcase of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be by email or written. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the path of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of languageNonverbal CommunicationNon-verbal communication includes overall body language of the person who is speaking, which includes body posture, hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major part since facial expressions say a lot.Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintingsCommunication is a process that involves ex smorgasbord of informat ion, thoughts, ideas and emotions. Its important that the delivery of communication is received and under stood by all subordinates this testament then allow communications to play an active role within strategic decisions. Would this be relevant within a medium sized contracting firm?Most would find it difficult to operate without effective communication. Communication can take various forms as described above but all forms involve the transfer of information from one party to the other. In order for the transfer of information to qualify as communication, the recipient must pick up the information conveyed to them. If the recipient does not understand the meaning of the information conveyed to them, communication has not taken place. Communication is the life source of all organisations because organisations involve people. pot cannot interact with each other without communication.Internal/Organisational CommunicationCommunication that takes place within an organisation, in add ition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail modern organisations will more often than not use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working within the organisation.External communicationsconversely external communication is communication between the organisation and those outside the organisation. Modern organisations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and begin e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other pipelinees through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business.Upward and Downward communicationDownward communication is communication created by directors and managers and passed down the hierarchy of doers in the organisation. In traditional organisations this is the preferred method of communication i.e. Managers decide what the systems, rules and procedures will be and then they pass these down to employees they manage and supervise. Downward Communication can increase efficiency by synchronising organisational procedures and can ensure that everybody is working towards the same overall aims and objectives. Types of downward communication include job descriptions, appraisals/evaluations, organisational policy, and organisational systemsEffective communication is the foundation for effectiveness (McNamara) experts on organisations management and leadership avow there cant be too much communication. leadership and managers have realised that there is a need to effectively convey and receive information,To reiterate (McNamara Carter) subordinates need to be given proper communication from managers, as this is believed to lead to an increase in absenteeism amongst workers thus effecting productivity, there should be two-way communication in an organisation. Its enviable that the Manager should have personal contact with hi s subordinates. He should clearly communicate goals and policies of the organization to his subordinates and should get feedback on these goals and policies. Feedback plays a very important role in the communication process. It enables us to evaluate the effectiveness of our message. large(p) the subordinates chance to provide feedback is important for maintaining an open communication within the organisation. The manager must create an environment that encourages feedbackPerformance appraisalPerformance appraisals the process of obtaining, analysing and put down information about the relative worth of an employee. The focus of the performance appraisal is measuring and improvingthe actual performance of the employee and also the future potential of the employee. Its aim is to step what an employee does andencourage employee communications about job-related and professional matters. (Harris, F 2006)Forms of communication include coaching, counselling, training and feedback on job performance.Strategic Human resource managementWhat is strategic human resource management? Strategic human resource management (SHRM) could be defined as a process which is constantly evolving within many organisations, and should be constantly reviewed to suite employees and employers needs. Its definition and relationships with other aspects of business planning and strategy is not conclusive and opinion varies between many different theoristsTheorists viewsStrategic HRM is the pick up to improved business performance within which there is comprehensive coverage of the various definitions and approaches to HRM, strategy and strategic HRM Arm substantial, M and Baron, A. (2002)Is this statement a true aspect on what is believed to be the contemporary views of human resource management?Strategic HRM is regarded as a general approach to the strategic management of human resources in harmony with the intentions of the organisation on the future direction it wants to take. Strateg ic HRM is pertain with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, values, lading and matching resources to future need.Boxall and Purcell argue that strategic HRM is concerned with explaining how HRM influences organisational performance. They also point out that strategy is not the same as strategic plans. Strategic planning is the formal process that takes place, usually in big organisations, defining how things will be done, Purcell, J. (2003)To simplify these statements Strategic HRM is based on HRM principles incorporating the concept of strategy. So if HRM is a rational approach to the management of people, strategic HRM today implies that that is done in a planned way. Individuals, who are highly skilled, highly motivated and have the opportunity to participate within the organization by beingness given tasks to undertake. However, this will only feed through into higher levels of organisational performance if these individuals have p ositive management relationships with their superiors in a supportive environment with strong values. All these factors will support the willingness of individuals to perform above the minimum. It also could be said that the case is made for building the worker into the analysis of HRM, on the one hand, by incorporating worker attitudes and behaviour in the study of the HRM-performance relationship, and on the other, by paying serious attention to the association between HRM and worker-related outcomes. Evidence is presented to suggest that worker attitudes and behaviour mediate the HRM-performance relationship and that certain HR practices are associated with higher work and life satisfaction. (Guest, D 1997)Models on Strategic human resource managementHuman resource policies and practices have been linked with strategic objectives of many organisations. A number of British academics have made major contributions to the concept of HRM and their work is summarized below.Guest, D (19 91) has taken the Harvard model and developed it further by defining four policy goals which he believes can be used as testable propositions1. Strategic integrating the ability of the organisation to integrate HRM issues into its strategic plans, ensure that the various aspects of HRM cohere and provide for line managers to incorporate an HRM perspective into their decision-making.2. High commitment A behavioural commitment to pursue agreed goals and attitudinal commitment reflected in a strong identification with the enterprise.Guest (1989) believes that the driving force behind HRM is the pursuit of competitive payoff in the market-place through provision of high-quality goods and services, through competitive pricing linked to high productivity and through the capacity swiftly to innovate and manage change in response to changes in the market-place or to breakthroughs in research and teaching.Legge, K (1989) considers that the common themes of typical definitions of HRM are t hat Human resource policies should be integrated with strategic business planning and used to reinforce an appropriate (or change an inappropriate) organizational culture, that human resources are valuable and a source of competitive advantage, that they may be tapped most effectively by mutually consistent policies that promote commitment and which, as a consequence, foster a willingness in employees to act flexibly in the interests of the adaptive organisations pursuit of excellenceSummaryOverall a medium sized contracting firm needs strategic systems in place especially taking into account the current economic climate, situations may arise where downsizing of the company and redundancies that may be prevalent due to the expected down twine in work load.At times of high unemployment, workers are thought to be concerned about losing their jobs and hence more conscientious and tolerant of relentless management they become, its important to maintain communication in this situation. As states its important in difficult times for employees to become more flexible and foster willingness (Legge, K 1995)Other areas where lack of communication creates animosity between clients and contracting firm its proven that advising client of their needs and subsequently bring the projects successfully to implementation will help secure a good working relationship. Added values such as back up service of experienced staff and well strung-out staff in all the requested areas of the construction programme this fits in with Guests model of giving high-quality goods and services, through competitive pricing linked to high productivity. (Guest, D 1997)If a business has highly motivated team then success will follow, this has to be lead from the top down and strategic integration from HR is paramount in the delivery of success as described in guests theory K, Legge at first contradicts Guests theory with whats known as a hard model theory by stating that employees are a resource j ust as any other business resource. Thus, human resource should match business needs and help achieve objectives. Management may monitor their performances for recognition and rewards. Furthermore, organizations will always try to acquire them as cheaply as possible, and cause them to maximise profits. This model may sound less humanistic but the objective of achieving humanism should not compromise the objectives of organisations (Legge 1995). Theorists then began to look at other types of models and agreed that a nuttyer approach was more fitting in certain current climates Harvard Business School developed soft or developmental humanism model, also takes into consideration integration critical for the development of business strategies. At the same time, it also emphasises on treating people as valued assets. They should be do by as human capital, which is fundamentally different from other business resources. The soft model encourages developing employees so that they become proactive in organizational development and progress (Legge 1995). Many authors question the underlying practical applications of HRM models. Similar concerns are raised about SHRM. Its managerial focus, strategic perspectives and realities of HR practice have been questioned by several writers (Legge 1995 Guest 1997). SHRM is certainly concerned primarily with contributing to the bottom line success of an organisation, which may sometimes involve a unitarist approach to the management of employees. SHRM may also infer a hard HRM focus, which does not sit comfortably with some authors. However, as Legge (1995) points out, If HRM, in either its hard or soft guises, involves the reassertion of managerial prerogative over the labour process, the strategies of flexibility reflect and constitute a path to this, employees as both resourceful humans and human resourcesConclusionThe above essay has analysed and evaluated various literature of human resource management, strategy and the link s between these elements. While there is considerable discussion in relation to organisations using HRM strategically with a view to enhancing their organisation performance the actual implementation seems variable. The review of the literature also suggests there is a multi stage framework in which human resource management is located. (Guest, D. 2002)The relationship between organisations and workers is increasingly secured through different forms of involvement, ranging from an alienative to a moral involvement and from compliance to commitment as the basis for the ongoing attachment. Relationship and the interaction between the worker and employer have focused attention on outcomes. These outcomes can be perceived in terms of whether they are processes, procedures or practices, but at another they can be seen to be a mechanism for securing the objectives (Manning K 2005)BibliographyBooksBratton, J Gold, J (2003), Human resource management theory Practice 3rd edition, New York .Chaffee, E (1985) Three models of strategy Academy of Management Review, London.Foot, M Hook, C. (2005), Introducing Human resource management 4th edition, LondonHarris, F McCaffer. (2006), Modern Construction Management sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishing, OxfordPrice, A (2003), Human resource management in a business linguistic context 3rd edition, LondonPurcell, J. (2003), Strategy and human resource management, London.Mintzberg, H. (1994), The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, Prentice-Hall.Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. (1998), Strategy Safari A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management, The Free Press.Whittington, R. (2000), What is Strategy And Does It Matter? 2nd edition Thomson Learning.Manning, Dr. K (2005), Strategic Human Resource Management and Performance.InternetMcNamara, C 1997 (http//managementmrktng/org) accessed 10th Dec 09http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=347150 accessed fifth Jan 10http//www.business.vu.edu.au/Mgt/ working_papers/2005/wp6_2005_worland_manning. Accessed 5th Jan 2010Journal articlesGuest, D. E. 1997, Human Resource Management and Performance A Review and Research Agenda, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 263-276.Guest, D. 2002, Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employee-Well-Being Building the Worker into HRM, the Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 44, no. 3. pp. 335-358.Guest, D. E., Conway, N. Dewe, P. 2004, Using Sequential Tree Analysis to Search for Bundles of HR Practices, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 79-96.Guest, D. E. Michie, J. Conway, N. Sheehan, M. 2003, Human Resource Management and Corporate Performance in the UK, British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.41, no. 2, pp. 291-314.Reilly, P. (2008) Strategic HR? Ask yourself the questions.HR Director. No 44, February.Richards, J. (2007) Aligning HR with the business two steps forward, one step back. IRS Employment Review. No 866 M arch.

Childrens Problems Begin At Home And End At Home Education Essay

Childrens Problems Begin At Home And End At Home Education EssayP atomic number 18nting is fundamental to the survival and success of the human race. Everyone who has ever lived has had p arents, and most adults in the world become get ups. Opinions about parenting abound, nevertheless surprisingly little solid scientific information or considered reflection exists about parenting.Parenting is a job whose primary object of at ecstasytion and action is the small fry. Children do non and cannot grow up as lonely(prenominal) individuals but parenting is also a position in the life course with con dates for parents themselves (Femmie Juffer, 2007)5.Children begin by loving their parents as they grow older they judge them sometimes they forgive them. Oscar Wilde (English humorist)Since Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby notice that children use their parents as a secure base to fulfill their fixing and exploration needs, an impressive body of empirical research has been devoted to the search for the origins and consequences of (in)secure child-parent attachment relationships.Secure attachment relationships have been associated with better social compe tence and with more(prenominal) optimal parent and peer relationships than insecure attachments. The concept of secure attachment relationships and the think concept of enatic sensitivity appear to be superiorly significant for the clinical field, including the development and evaluation of attachment-based interventions for at-risk and clinical families.The most important department of parenting is bop and putting in time and energy to support children. Although love is the most important requirement, it is not enough. Unless parents at a lower placestand their childrens unparalleled needs, they are unable to give their children what children at once need. Parents may be giving love, but not in ship canal that are most helpful to their childs development.Without an understanding of their childrens need s, parents cannot hard-hittingly support their children.On the archeozoic(a) hand, some parents are willing to sp fire more time with their children, but dont because they dont know what to do or their children reject their efforts. So many parents try to chide with their kids, but their kids just close up and say nothing. These parents are willing, but dont know how to get their kids to talk. Some parents dont want to yell at, hit, or punish their children, but they just dont know another way. Since talking with their children has not worked, punishment or the threat of punishment is the only way they know.To give up old ways of parenting, new ways must be diligent.The world is experiencing a crisis in parenting. Every day, there are increasing reports of child and teen violence, low self-esteem, heed Deficit Disorder, drug use, teen pregnancy, and suicide. Almost all parents today are questioning twain the new and old ways of parenting. Nothing seems to be working, and our childrens problems slide by to increase.Some parents conceptualise that these problems come from being too permissive and giving children too much, while others contend that outdated practices of parenting, like spanking and yelling, are responsible. Others believe that these new problems are caused by negative switch overs in society.Too much TV, advertising, or too much violence and sex on TV and in movies are pegged by many as the culprits. Certainly society and how it influences our children are part of the problem, and some helpful solutions can be legislated by the government, but the biggest part of the problem starts at home. Our childrens problems begin in the home and can be solved at home. Besides looking to change society, parents must also suck in that they hold the power to raise strong, confident, cooperative, and compassionate children.To cope with the changes in society, parents need to change their parenting approach. During the past two hundred years, society has made an historic and prominent change towards greater individual freedom and rights. Even though our modern Western society is now organized by the principles of freedom and human rights, parents quiet down use parenting skills from the Dark Ages.Parents need to update their parenting skills to raise wellnessy and cooperative children and teens. Businesses know that if they are to stay competitive in the free market, they need to celebrate changing and updating. Likewise, if parents want their children to be able to compete in the free world, they must prepare their children with the most effective and modern approaches to parenting (John Gray, 2007)11.Several social trends are now challenging parent-child relationships. champion parent families may be the most at risk. Although, there always have been single parents in the United States, the causes of solitary parenting have changed. Single parents of previous generations were primarily widows and widowers. Parents are now more likely to be single because of divorce or never being married. Single parents in todays society may be more isolated and perhaps more disillusioned than the single parents of the past. The final report of the National rush on Children, about 25 percent (more than sixteen million) children lived with only one parent in 1989, twice as many as in 1970.Parental exercising places a great strain on parent-child relationships. Parents may have to depend on other caregivers, for example, to set limits and provide guidance during their childrens formative years. Between 1970 and 1990, the correspondence of mothers with children under fester six who were working or looking for work outside their homes rose from 32 percent to 58 percent. Today, approximately 10.9 million children under six have mothers in the paid labor force (National Commission on Children, 1991) 74.Three aspects of parenting have been highlighted as central to childrens early language and acquisition (1) the freq uency of childrens participation in routine learning activities (e.g., overlap book reading, storytelling) (2) the quality of caregiver-child engagements (e.g., parents cognitive stimulation and sensitivity/responsiveness) and (3) the provision of age-appropriate learning materials (e.g., books and toys).Early and conformable participation in routine learning activities, such as shared book reading, storytelling, and teaching about the letters of the alphabet, provide children with a critical arse for early learning, language growth and emergent literacy. A plethora of studies also indicate that the quality of parent-caregiver interactions play a formative role in childrens early language and learning (Tamis-LeMonda, 2009)52.In the past, psychologists get wording the development of children focused almost exclusively on childrens relationships with their mothers. Today, they have come to agree that novices play a unique and crucial role in nurturing and guiding childrens develo pment. Many experts now believe that fathers can be just as nurturing and sensitive with their babies as mothers. As their children grow, fathers take for on added roles of guiding their childrens intellectual and social development. Even when a father is just playing with his children, he is nurturing their development (Ross Parke, 2006)25.NEED FOR THE STUDYThe National Commission on Childrens national survey titled Speaking of Kids (1991) reports that a majority of American adults, regardless of age, race, marital, or parental status believe that it is harder to be a parent today than it used to be (88 percent) and that parents today often are uncertain about what is the right thing to do in raising their children (86 percent). Compared to ten years ago, respondents believed children today are worse off with respect to their moral and religious training (53 percent) and the supervision and discipline they receive from their parents (56 percent).Children themselves wished that the ir parents were more diligent in setting and enforcing rules. Thirty-nine percent of children 10-17 say they sometimes wished their parents were stricter or kept a closer watch over them and their lives. Another 8 percent said they wish this a lot. Only about 1 percent said they never wanted their parents to be stricter or more attentive. Because of the rapid pace of change in our society and an increasing awareness of and respect for cultural and values diversity, parents will continue to be challenged to expand on traditional styles of childrearing.The well-being of our nations children is clearly at risk. According to the National Commission on Children (1991), one in four adolescents engage in social conducts that can lead to serious longterm obstacle many more are vulnerable for future problems (National Commission on Children, 1991)72.Most parents do their best to provide a loving and nurturing atmosphere for their children. inadequate parenting includes the following beha viorsAbuseAn environment where there is a lot of arguing and conflictIgnoring the childSome parents are overwhelmed by their own personal situations and are unable to look after their childrens needs appropriately. The children who were ignored or who lived in high-stress households had trouble expressing themselves verbally. They also had trouble with social skills. Sharing toys was difficult for them, and they had trouble playing. The British necessitate concluded that the disadvantaged children actually started preschool with underdeveloped brains.The children who were having trouble with their social skills could be helped if they received intensive help from their teachers. Unfortunately, teachers are busy caring for the completed class and have trouble finding the time to give the children who are behind the take aim of attention they need (JC Redmond, 2009)66.A study by UNICEF of 21 industrialized countries, An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries (2007), came to the remarkable conclusion that there is no strong relationship between per capita GDP and child wellbeing.A government-funded review in Britain of research spanning 25 years found that the incidence of many mental health problems in children had doubled since the 1970s. Today, one in ten British children thats more than a million suffers from a clinically recognizable disorder, such as depression, anxiety, anorexia or severe anti-social behaviour (Tom McGurk, 2009)71.Studies have shown that children who go through and through their parents divorce havemore conduct problems,symptoms of psychological maladjustment,lower academic achievement,Social difficulties and problematic relationships with both parents.In United States of America, reported statistics tells that Children from fatherless homes are5 times more likely to commit suicide32 times more likely to run away from home.20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders14 times more likely to commit rape.9 times more likely t o drop out of high school.10 times more likely to abuse chemical substances (become drug addicts)9 times more likely to end up in a state-operated institution20 times more likely to end up in prison.3 million teenage girls have sexually transmitted diseasesAt least 1 out of 4 teenagers (between 14years to 19years) suffer from sexually transmitted diseases (CRISP, 2009)73.Some of the harsh realities faced by children in India are presented below slight than half of Indias children between the age 6 and 14 only go to school.95 in every 1000 children born in India do not see their fifth birthday.Amongst married women in India today, 75% were under age at the time of their marriages.58% of Indias children below the age of 2 years are not fully vaccinated. And 24% of these children do not receive any form of vaccination.More that 50% of Indias children are malnourished.More than 50 per cent of girls neglect to enroll in school those who do are likely to drop out by the age of 12.CHILD L ABOR19% of children are employed for domestic help.25% of the victims of commercial sexual exploitation in India are below 18 years of age.Large numbers of children work simply because there is no alternative since, they do not have access to good quality schools.Poor and bonded families often sell their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up being employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a life on the streets (Sharanam Centre, 2007)75.Everyone knows good parenting is good for the health of children, but studies show that good parenting also results in children who grow up to be healthier adults. Research indicates that adults who had stressful relationships with their parents in childhood are more likely to suffer from disease in midlife. Since parents are usually the most meaningful source of social support for much of early life, the perception of parental caring, and parental loving itself, may have important regulatory and predictive effects on biologic and psychological health and illness (Claudia M. Lenart, 2009)55.Joint grasp and shared parenting (i.e., joint corporal and legal custody) have been studied for more than a quarter-century, with the majority of studies indicating significant benefits for children. When parents cooperate and minimize conflict, children do better with shared parenting/joint physical custody.Parenting Can Override Effect of Genes in How Babies Respond to Stress, the study found both genes and parenting were important to the development of how infants brain which helps to regulate cardiac responses to stress. The findings suggest that although genes play a role in the development of physiological responses to stress, environmental experiences such as mothers sensitive care-giving behavior can have a strong influence, enough to change the effect that genes have on physiology very early in life (W. Roger Mills-Koonce, 2008)68.It has been known fo r a long time that backing in poverty damages childrens intellectual abilities. Good Parenting Raises Kids Mental Skills. Study Shows Better Parenting Skills Sharpen Minds of Kids in Poverty (Martin Downs, 2008)62.Babies need predictability and security, which they get when their mother and father respond consistently, promptly, and appropriately to their cries, smiles and other signals. As a baby develops a relationship with his or her mother and father, he comes to prefer them to other adults, in a process known as attachment. Psychologists agree that babies with secure attachments to their parents have better chances to develop into happy, successful, and well-adjusted children and adults.The investigator had personal experience about the effects of parenting both its ill effects and good effects. Investigator being specializing in the field biotic community health nursing felt the need and was motivated to conduct the study on familiarity regarding the parenting roles among t he couples of urban and rural community and teach them about parenting roles with the help of multimedia package.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA comparative study to judge the authorization of multimedia package on association regarding parenting roles among the couples of selected urban and rural community.OBJECTIVESTo assess the existing level of companionship regarding parenting roles among couples of the urban and rural community.To assess the effectiveness of multimedia package on knowledge regarding parenting roles among couples of the urban and rural community.To contrast the pretest and persuadetest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the couples of urban and rural community.To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male and female parent of urban and rural community.To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male parent of the urban and rural community.To co mpare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the female parent of the urban and rural community.To associate the mean melioration of knowledge score on parenting roles with the selected demographic variables. usable DEFINITIONSEffectivenessRefers to the outcome of the multimedia package regarding parenting roles among couples of urban and rural community, which will be evaluated by the structured knowledge questionnaire prepared by the investigator.Multimedia pileRefers to logically designed informations with the use of modern media to discuss and teach regarding parenting roles. This package consists of teaching material in the form of visual literacy and videos in a sequence which explains the parents role in general parenting, developmental milestones, cognitive development, moral development and learning disabilities.ParentingIt refers to the performance of various roles and activities of raising a child rather than the biological relation ship by the parents.Parenting RolesIt refers to the role of the parents in raising the child. Roles included in this study are aboutGeneral Parenting which includes meaning and concepts of Responding, Preventing, Monitoring, Mentoring and ModelingDevelopmental Milestones which includes meaning, appellative of age specific tasks of the children, ways to help the child to attain milestonesCognitive Development which includes meaning, stages of cognitive development and ways to improve the cognitive development honorable Development which includes meaning, stages of moral development and ways to improve the moral development of the child andLearning Disabilities which includes meaning, causes, early warning signs and ways to take care of child with such problem.KnowledgeRefers to the ability of couples to understand and answer the question on parenting roles as elicited by structured knowledge questionnaire.CouplesHusband and wife of selected urban and rural community with 1-6 yrs of married life having children.ASSUMPTIONSCouples may have some knowledge regarding parenting roles.Adequate knowledge on parenting roles may help the couples to provide effective parenting.Adequate knowledge regarding parenting roles may prevent many childhood problems.NULL HYPOTHESESNH1 thither is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles among the urban and rural couples at the level of pNH2 There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban and rural couples at the level of pNH3 There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male and female parent of urban and rural community at the level of pNH4 There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban male parent and rural male parent at the level of pNH5 There is no s ignificant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban female parent and rural female parent at the level of pNH6 There is no significant association between the mean improvement knowledge score on parenting roles and selected demographic variables of the urban and rural couples at the level of pDELIMITATIONSThe study is delimited to a period of four week.The study is delimited to the couples living under the same roof. abstract FRAMEWORKA conceptual framework or model is made up of concepts that are mental image of a phenomenon. These concepts are linked unitedly to express their relationship between them.The conceptual framework is based on TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL/ SOCIAL CHANGE MODEL (JAMES.O.PROCHASKA). This framework consists of the following elements.PRECONTEMPLATIONThe theory says that the various(prenominal) has the problem (whether he/she recognizes it or not) and has no intention of changing and goes through the proc ess of Consciousness raising (information and knowledge), Dramatic relief (role playing) and Environmental reevaluation (how problem affects physical environment).In this study the researcher perceives the importance of the problem and prepares the multimedia package with extensive review of literature and experts opinion to improve the knowledge of couples in selected urban and rural community regarding the parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, developmental milestones, moral development and learning disabilities.CONTEMPLATIONThis stage involves the Individuals recognition of the problem and he/she is bad thinking about changing and goes through the process of Self-reevaluation (assessing ones feelings regarding behavior).In this study the researcher approaches the couples of selected urban and rural community and obtains their consent to participate in the study after providing adequate information regarding the need for the study and benefits thereb y makes the couples to become aware of the problem.PREPARATIONIn this stage the individual recognizes the problem and intends to change the behavior through the process of Self-liberation (commitment or belief in ability to change).In this study the researcher conducts the pre test assessment of knowledge regarding parenting roles among the couples of selected urban and rural community with the help of the structured questionnaire. The structured interview schedule consists of demographic variables like age, gender, educational status, occupation, family income per month, religion, type of family, no of years of married life, no of living children, age of the child, place of living, mode of getting information about parenting and structured questionnaire containing questions regarding parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, moral development, developmental milestones and learning disabilities. The researcher prepares the couples for gaining the knowledge regarding parenting roles. operationIn this stage the Individual has enacted consistent behavior change through the process of Reinforcement management, Helping relationships, Counterconditioning and Stimulus control.In this study the researcher by providing the multimedia package which consists of lecture in the form of pictorial and video shows regarding parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, moral development, developmental milestones and learning disabilities provides a part relationship to gain adequate knowledge to provide good parenting to their children.MAINTENANCEIn this stage individual maintains new behavior. In this study the researcher conducts the post test assessment of knowledge after one week from the day of intervention using the same structured questionnaire which was used for pre test to know the improvement in the knowledge. If couples had adequate knowledge reinforcement was given by providing booklet as maintenance of knowledge an d couples with inadequate knowledge reassessment was done.OUTLINE OF THE baseChapter I Dealt with the background of the study, need for the study, statement of the problem, objectives, operational definitions, null hypotheses, assumptions, delimitations and conceptual framework.Chapter II Deals with the review of related literature.Chapter III Presents the methodology of study and plan for entropy analysis.Chapter IV Focuses on data analysis and interpretation.Chapter V Enumerates the discussion of study.Chapter VI Gives the summary, conclusion, implications, recommendations and limitations.The report ends with selected Bibliography and Appendices.

Identifying Leadership Theories And Applying Reflection Nursing Essay

Identifying leadership Theories And Applying Reflection Nursing EssayThere be close as many different definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept ( Stodill, 1974p.259). Dubrin (2000) states that there 35,000 definitions of leadership in academic literature (Pye, 2005 p.32).Leadership is an art a performing art and the instrument is the ego. The mastery of the art of leadership comes from the mastery of the self . Jim KouzesGary Yukl in his sixth discrepancy of Leadership In Organizations hope that, his book has seeded many ideas and questions, which will grow in the classroom , but more fundamentally, will find instinct(predicate) meaning and come to life when the reader is engaged in the practice of leadership at work. When thinking about leadership styles one thing to bring is what defines a good leader. Hood (2010) suggests that an effective leader influences and encourages others to achieve goal setting and goal attainment. A good leader recognizes that there is always something tonic to learn. Effective leaders set direction, build commitment and confront challenges through clear communication and soliciting staff feedback (http//www.oppaper.com/Leadership-Roles-In-Nursing). Carroll (2005) proposed the following six most important attributes for nurse leaders personal integrity, strategic vision and personal survival attributes,, management and technical competencies, deal skills team-building and communication skills , and. action orientationIt is clear so farthermost that the definition of leadership depends on whom you ask. Houser Player ( 2004 ) reason out in their training, amoung a dozen of nurse leaders as, nurse leaders did share common characteristics such(prenominal) as thoughtful, responsive, committed, creative, resilient, visionary, scholarly, courageous and innovative. Tan (2006) means the idea of leadership as, influencing followers to do what is necessary to achieve organization al and societal goals.Two types of leadership are particularly relevant for nurse leaders. Transformational leadership authentic leadership (Clark, 2009, p.17). In transformal leadership mainly three elements contribute to help nurse leaders to draw a tone and standard of practice for healthy work environment are Effective communication, collaborative relationships and shared decision making among nurses (Heath, Johanson et al, 2004). American necktie of Critical-care Nurses (2005) made a commitment to promote healthy work environment in the bias of authentic leadership are safe, healing, humane and respectful for patient, their families and nurses. They concluded in their study as it is not too easy to become an authentic leader, moreover, it needs higher levels of organizational support. Perhaps It is identified in their study that authentic leadership as one of the six standards that are crucial to creating and sustaining healthy work environment.Among health care professional s, nurses are especially aware of the sizeableness of reflective practice (Duffy, 2007 Manthey, 2001 et al). Just as important is the practice of reflective leadership (Deutsch Sherwood, 2008). By Oestreich (2009) reflective leaders are critically aware of how they connect with others, where they are in the progress of their own and organizational goals and how they are opening paths for clearCommunication and goal fulfillment. Drucker (1996, p.9) states that, great leaders have to walk altogether sometimes. such aloneness can facilitate chiding. Qualitative researchers speak of participant observation as a method of more distant reflection. Reflection benefits the item-by-item leader, but more than that, can become spread with in the organization. Transformal leadership has been evidenced to be positively associated with followers commitment to improvement and change (Herold, Fedor et al., 2008).One of the important characteristics of a transformal leader is reflection (Marshal l Coughlin,2010).Reflective Practice was introduced by Donald Schon in his book The Reflective Practitioner in 1983. There are different lays of reflection in practice. In that I would like to discuss about the two models of reflection Gibbs model, 1988 Johns model, 1995. GIBBS MODEL OF REFLECTION 1988Gibbs model is a cyclic process of reflection, in that a practitioner describes the experience and must evaluate and analysis of how they were feeling during the experience. By the rating and analysis of the emotions associated with the situation give the practitioner a get hold to understand the situation and come to a conclusion of what else could be done, or what other options could have been taken. Most importantly,in Gibbs model of reflection the final stage is the grooming of action plan, that give an idea about what actions would be taken if the situation happened again (W http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_practice).JOHNS MODELIt is a structured mode of reflection that provides a practitioner with a guide to gain greater understanding. In this model of reflection, reflection carried out through the act of communion of emotions with colleague or a instruct and it provides a faster rate of learning than reflection alone. In order to achieve reflection looking in on ones thoughts and emotions and looking out at the situation experienced are important steps in this model of reflection. Mainly five patterns of learning are included in to the guided reflection, that are the practitioners analysis about the aesthetic, personal, ethical, empirical, and the reflexive elements experienced through the situation.REASONS TO PREFER JOHNS MODEL OVER GIBBS MODELI recommend Johns model of reflection is better than that of Gibbs model because, in Johns model practitioner get an opportunity to share with a colleague or mentor, about their thoughts and emotions of their own and about the situation experienced. It seems to me that by the sharing of emotions definitely, we will get a clear cut idea about the feelings of the self and about the situation in a faster rate. Looking in and looking out become easier when the structured questions shared mingled with a colleague or an experienced person. But in Gibbs model of reflection, importance is for the evaluation and analysis of the emotions associated with the situation experienced and there is no sharing of ideas or emotions with anybody. I feel that with out the sharing of emotions reflection occurs in a drawn-out rate.LEADERSHIP THEORIESHistorical development of leadership theories (1900-Present) P.37The Great man Theory / Trait Theories (1900-1940)Researchers give importance to certain characteristics or personality traits of some people and assume that these traits make them better leaders than others. Moreover the effect of followers and the impact of the situation were ignored.Behavioural Theories (1940-1980)During human relations era , researchers moved apart from studying about the traits of a leader and give importance to their styles of leadership.A major breakthrough occurred when Lewin(1951) and White and Lippitt (1960) isolated common leadership styles. Later, these styles came to be called authorisation, classless and laissez-faire. Authorisation which is when the leader takes full control, Democratic is when the leader involves a team approach and Laissez-faire where the leader provides little to no direction (Hood, 2010).Situational and Contingency Leadership Theories (1950-1980)In harmonize to this theory leadership style should vary according to the situation or the individual involved. Authoritarian leadership results in well-defined base actions that are usually predictable, reducing frustration in the work convention and giving members a feeling of security. Productivity is usually high, but creativity, self motivation, and indecorum are reduced. Authoritarian leadership, useful in crisis situations. At the same time Democratic leade rship, appropriate for groups who work together for extended periods, promotes autonomy and growth in individual workers. This type of leadership is particularly effective when coordination between groups is necessary. The Laissez-fair leadership is non directed leadership, the laissez- fair style can be frustrating group spiritlessness and disinterest can occur.Interactional Leadership Theories (1970-Present)The basic premise of interactional theory is that leadership behaviour is generally determined by the relationship between the leaders personality and the specific situation.To be successful, the leader must diagnose the situation and select appropriate strategies from a large repertoire of skills. Leadership effectiveness, according to Hollander, requires the ability to use the problem solving process maintain group effectiveness communicate well demonstrate leader fairness, competence, dependability, and creativity and develop group identification.Transactional and Transforma tional LeadershipThe transactional leader sets goals, give directions, and uses rewards to reinforce employee behaviours associated with meeting or exceeding established goals (Mc Guire and Kennerly,2006, p.180). Transformational leaders have a view of the future that will wake up and convert potential followers (changingminds.org,2002-2006, para 3). Transformational leadership is defined as, One who inspires and empowers everyone with the vision of what could be possible (Hood,2010, p 460). Although transformational qualities are highly desirable, they must be coupled with the more traditional qualities of the day-to-day managerial role. Both sets of characteristics need to be present in the same person in different degrees. jibe to Bass and colleagues, the transformational leader will fail without traditional management skills. Johns (2004) maintains that transactional traditional leadership is a deliberate process of seeking insight in self and practice in order to create cond itions that foster the realization of desirable practice.

Ethics in Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- Machiavelli The Prince

Ethics in Machiavellis The PrinceNiccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian statesman and political philosopher. He was employed on diplomatic missions as defence secretary of the Florentine republic, and was tortured when the Medici returned to power in 1512. When he retired from public life he wrote his most famous work, The Prince (1532), which describes the means by which a leader may gain and maintain power. The Prince has had a long and chequered history and the number of controversies that it has generated is indeed surprising. Almost every ideology has tested to appropriate it for itself - as a result everyone from Clement VII to Mussolini has laid claim to it. Yet there were times when it was terribly unpopular. Its author was seen to be in league with the devil and the connection between Old Nick and Niccolo Machiavelli was not seen as merely nominal. The Elizabethans conjured up the image of the murdering Machiavel 1 and both the Protestants and the later Catholics he ld his book responsible for evil things. some(prenominal) appraisal of the book therefore involved some ethical queasiness. Modern scholarship may have removed the stigma of devilry from Machiavelli, but it subdued seems uneasy as to his ethical position.Croce 2 and some of his admirers like Sheldon Wolin 3 and Federic Chabod 4 have pointed out the existence of an ethics-politics dichotomy in Machiavelli. Isaiah Berlin 5 postulates a system of morality outside the Christian ethical schema. Ernst Cassirer 6 calls him a cold technical mind implying that his attitude to politics would not necessarily involve ethics. And Macaulay 7 sees him as a man of his time qualifying by the actual ethical positions of Quattrocento Italy.In the face of s... ...erlin, Isaiah. The Question of Machiavelli. New York Review, November 4, 1971.6. Cassirer, Ernst. Implications of the New Theory of the State (from The Myth Of The State) 7. Macaulay, Thomas Babington. Machiavellihttp//www.fordham.edu/hals all/mod/1850Macaulay-machiavelli.html8. Berlin, Isaiah. Ibid.9. Machiavelli. Il Principe Ch XVIII Yet as I have said before, not to diverge from the good if he can avoid it, but to know how to set astir(predicate) it if compelled. Trans. Marriott. The Project Gutenberg Internet interpretation.10. Erasmus. The Education of a Prince, quoted in J. R. Hale, Renaissance Europe 1480-1520 p. 30911. Hale p. 30812. Macaulay. Ibid.13. Whitfield, J. H. Big Words, Exact Meanings. 14. Aristotle. Nichomachean Ethics. trans. Sir David Ross15. Machiavelli. Discourses on Livy Ch XXVII, Project Gutenberg Internet Edition

Education and Virginia’s Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Essay -- A Room

Only the gold and silver flowed now, not from the coffers of the king, but from the purses of manpower who had made, say a fortune from industry, and returned, in their wills, a bounteous percent of it to endow more chairs, more lectureships, more fellowships in the university where they had learnt their craft (754). This is a quote from Virginias Woolfs essay, A Room of Ones avow. Here she is making a point about universities and the funding that they received from work force that had gone to school there. Woolfs essay takes place during the early xix hundreds when most women did not attend a university. There was great inequality of those who attended school because men had control over all the money. The men in society either received money from inheritances, or from industrial occupations, as Woolf mentions in her quote. Woolfs essay focuses on the inequality of female writers recognition compared to mens. She points out the fact that women writers were not very recognized by society because of their gender. This is true for the time period, but the reason that these women were not recognized is because of educational reasons. During Woolfs time (the early 1900s) women simply did not have the same resources that men had in order to be educated. The most important resource that they were lacking in was money. It took lots of money to be educated, and very few women had money of their own to attend a university. For the few that were educated, their education took place at an institution that was more less funded than a mans institution. This funding for the institution includes the building itself and the quality of education. The quality of the education depends on the teachers that teach the classes and the ... ...an go to the best schools today. I am certain that this trend will also continue well into the future. So what difference does financial advocate make? The difference is that now everyone layabout go to quality university rathe r than a low quality, low ranking university. Not every person can attend the best university. This is impossible. It is quite disconsolate that female writers were not viewed as being as important in the past. I think that there have been many major changes to make men and women more equal today. The major equality factor is through education. Education is not only more possible for women, but for everyone. The many types of financial aid available make it possible for those who choose to attend a quality university, to achieve their goals.Work CitedWoolf, Virginia A Room of Ones Own. Ways of Reading, capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 1999

Life The Courage To Change :: essays research papers

Cruel Intentions, is a film about a young man, Sebastian, and his stepsister, Kathryn, who together do anything in their power, sexual or not, to better their own reputation. They try everything, even if it means ruining someone elses life, reputation or well being, just to better themselves. They manipulate, use, and belittle every human being possible that comes in the way of their perfect life. Cruel Intentions, a film that uses the setting to produce the irony portrayed at the go past of the characters, also uses this irony and characters actions to contribute to the theme.The setting of the film in a high-class beau monde, a society in which only the high-ranking members live. A society in which as you drive down the road each house is bigger than the initiative. These people live in a society where each babe has their own car and not to mention bank account. The people in this society crave competition and seek to be better. This particular setting shows aside the attitu des the characters uphold, that make them believe they upscore others around them. This too in fact portrays the irony of the film. For example, Kathryn believes that if a certain man cannot hold a relationship with her he cannot regard himself with anyone at all. Kathryn sets out to ruin his life and ruin the life of his significant other, getting her to fall in love with her music instructor rather than following(a) her heart. This fictitious character of behavior leads the audience to believe that Kathryn uses her ranking and her setting in life to achieve personal happiness. In this film come two morals, first you may not always be set in your ways something beloved can happen in life something that can change everything. Sebastian, the type of person who sleeps with anyone, does not have the best reputation among the ladies. Although in the plot to ruin the young mans life Sebastian meets a young fille named Annette and slowly falls in love with her. Not for her body or fo r his sexual pleasure but for how she made him feel loved and wanted he enjoyed this feeling. Albeit a feeling that makes him confused it turns into a feeling he decides will make his life better. Proving that your are not always set in your ways, good or bad ways. Change occurs with life. The second moral state that what goes around comes around.